{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:09:12Z","timestamp":1792195752894,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga"},{"name":"Research Group SEJ 521"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescence is a psychologically vulnerable stage in which problems of emotional adjustment and psychological well-being can appear. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship and comparison of emotional deficits and resources among adolescents with or without specific learning disabilities. We evaluated 80 students distributed into two groups: 40 adolescents with specific learning disabilities and 40 normative adolescents matched with the previous group in terms of age, sex, and school year. The study variables are internalising problems (anxiety and depression), externalising problems (aggression, anger control, defiant behaviour, and antisocial behaviour), and personal resources (self-esteem, social competence and integration, and awareness of problems), evaluated by means of the SENA test. The results indicate a positive relationship between externalising and internalising problems and a negative relationship between the latter and some personal resources in both groups. We also found that adolescents with specific learning disabilities displayed more internalising and externalising symptoms than their peers, greater awareness of their emotional difficulties, and lower self-esteem and social integration and competence. The findings highlight the need for preventive interventions that promote the psychological well-being and mental health of adolescents within the school setting at an early age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10121911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T11:24:43Z","timestamp":1702293883000},"page":"1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Emotional Adjustment among Adolescent Students with and without Specific Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4696-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa\u00edas","family":"Mart\u00edn-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of M\u00e1laga, 29016 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of M\u00e1laga, 29016 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Infante-Ca\u00f1ete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of M\u00e1laga, 29016 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipiak, S., and Lubianka, B. (2021). On the rocky road to independence: Big five personality traits and locus of control in polish primary school students during transition into early adolescence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094564"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.05.012","article-title":"Internalizing\/Externalizing Problems: Review and Recommendations for Clinical and Research Applications","volume":"55","author":"Achenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ehrenreich-May, J., Kennedy, S.M., Sherman, J.A., Bennett, S.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2022). Protocolo Unificado Para el Tratamiento Transdiagn\u00f3stico de los Trastornos Emocionales en Adolescentes. Manual del Terapeuta [Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents. Therapist\u2019s Manual], Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.6018\/rie.37.2.323351","article-title":"Influencia de los problemas internalizantes y externalizantes en la autoeficacia en estudiantes de secundaria. [Influence of internalizing and externalizing problems on self-efficacy in high school students]","volume":"37","author":"Salavera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1207-z","article-title":"Prevalence of DSM-5 anxiety disorders, comorbidity, and persistence of symptoms in Spanish early adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Canals","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"36","article-title":"Prevenci\u00f3n de los problemas socioemocionales en los centros educativos. Una propuesta de intervenci\u00f3n psicoeducativa. [Prevention of socio-emotional problems in educational centers. Proposal for psychoeducational intervention]","volume":"31","author":"Barba","year":"2022","journal-title":"AOSMA"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"47","article-title":"Ansiedad y autoestima en los perfiles de cibervictimizaci\u00f3n de los adolescentes [Anxiety and self-esteem in adolescent cyber-victimisation profiles]","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comunicar"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1152-x","article-title":"Social competence and psychopathology in early childhood: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Funcionalidad familiar y autoestima en adolescentes durante la pandemia por COVID-19 [Family functionality and self-esteem in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic]","volume":"1","author":"Urra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psidial"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.33595\/2226-1478.11.1.392","article-title":"Habilidades sociales en adolescentes y funcionalidad familiar [Social skills in adolescents and family functionality]","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comuni@cci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emotional and motivational problems in Spanish- speaking adolescents with reading disabilities","volume":"3","author":"Arteaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Veiga, F. (2014). Envolvimento dos Alunos Na Escola: Perspetivas Internacionais da Psicologia e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o\/Students\u2019 Engagement in School: International Perspectives of Psychology and Education, Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o da Universidade de Lisboa."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Alcantud-Mar\u00edn, F., Fern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez, J., and Alonso-Esteban, Y. (2023). Bienestar Psicol\u00f3gico en la Escuela y la Familia [Psychological Wellbeing in School and Family], Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2014). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, J.E. (2012). Dislexia en Espa\u00f1ol. Prevalencia e Indicadores Cognitivos, Culturales, Familiares y Biol\u00f3gicos [Dyslexia in Spanish. Prevalence and Cognitive, Cultural, Family and Biological Indicators], Pir\u00e1mide."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misciagna, S. (2021). Learning Disabilities\u2014Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.95219"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419841567","article-title":"The role of learning difficulties in adolescents\u2019 academic emotions and academic achievement","volume":"52","author":"Sainio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.15257\/ehquidad.2019.0004","article-title":"Las consecuencias sociales de las dificultades de aprendizaje en ni\u00f1os y adolescentes [The social consequences of learning difficulties in children and adolescents]","volume":"11","author":"Alemany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ehquidad"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.09.002","article-title":"The association between poor reading and internalising problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Francis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1641504","article-title":"Development of behavior problems in children with and without specific learning disorders in reading and spelling from kindergarten to fifth Grade","volume":"24","author":"Horbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sc. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/19404158.2018.1479975","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: Emotional impact and consequences","volume":"23","author":"Livingston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Learn. Diffic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219416664865","article-title":"A cross-national comparison of attributional patterns toward students with and without specific learning disabilities","volume":"51","author":"Woodcock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5093\/psed2020a4","article-title":"Las repercusiones de la dislexia en la autoestima, en el comportamiento socioemocional y en la ansiedad en escolares [The repercussions of dyslexia on self-esteem, socio-emotional behavior and anxiety in schoolchildren]","volume":"26","author":"Zuppardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psicol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13536","article-title":"Research Review: Language and specific learning disorders in children and their co-occurrence with internalizing and externalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Donolato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00478","article-title":"Socioemotional features and resilience in Italian university students with and without Dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Ghisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.104108","article-title":"Relationship between mothers\u2019\/caregivers\u2019 reported learning difficulty and internalizing symptoms (anxiety and depression) of children aged 5\u201317 years in Ghana","volume":"119","author":"Norman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00444-1","article-title":"Dyslexia, literacy difficulties and the self-perceptions of children and young people: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Gibby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8772","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8772","article-title":"Self-concept in poor readers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"McArthur","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12409","article-title":"Correlates of externalising and internalising problems in children with dyslexia: An analysis of data from clinical casefiles","volume":"55","author":"Boyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (2021). La Educaci\u00f3n en Andaluc\u00eda. Datos y Cifras [Department of Education of the Government of Andalusia. Education in Andalusia. Data and Numbers], Gobierno Andaluz."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (2017). Instrucciones de 8 de Marzo de 2017, por las que se Actualiza el Protocolo de Detecci\u00f3n, Identificaci\u00f3n del Alumno con NEAE y Organizaci\u00f3n de la Respuesta Educativa [Department of Education of the Government of Andalusia. Instructions of March 8, 2017, Which Update the Detection Protocol, Identify Students with NEAE, and Organize the Educational Response], Direcci\u00f3n General de Participaci\u00f3n y Equidad."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pinto, I., Santamar\u00eda, P., S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, F., Carrasco, M.A., and Del Barrio, V. (2015). Sistema de Evaluaci\u00f3n de Ni\u00f1os y Adolescentes (SENA) [Child and Adolescent Evaluation System (SENA)], TEA Ediciones."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"12","article-title":"T-tests, non-parametric tests, and large studies\u2014A paradox of statistical practice?","volume":"14","author":"Fagerland","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783","article-title":"Statistical power analysis","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2021). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 28) [Computer Software], IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21676\/2389783X.1394","article-title":"Ideaci\u00f3n suicida, depresi\u00f3n y autoestima en adolescentes escolares de Santa Marta [Suicidal ideation, depression and self-esteem in school adolescents from Santa Marta]","volume":"12","author":"Ceballos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Duazary"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"37","article-title":"Ansiedad, depresi\u00f3n, estr\u00e9s y autoestima en la adolescencia, relaci\u00f3n, implicaciones y consecuencias en la educaci\u00f3n privada [Anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in adolescence, relationship, implications and consequences in private education]","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Cuest. Pedag\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ciappa, S.K. (2020). A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for the Social and Emotional Symptoms of Dyslexia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Widener University]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12868","article-title":"The role of cognitive control and emotion regulation in predicting mental health problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"47","author":"Farmus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2021.1890019","article-title":"What predicts internal and external mental disorders in adolescent boys and girls? Results from a 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Schulz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409359939","article-title":"Learning disabilities and anxiety: A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/12\/1911\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:46Z","timestamp":1760132206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/10\/12\/1911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children10121911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10121911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]}}}