{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:55:09Z","timestamp":1793328909676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A single congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a postural musculoskeletal deformity and is characterized by the shortening or stiffness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The reported incidence of CMT ranges from 0.2% to 2%. The objective is to evaluate the effect of physical therapy programs on CMT. For the search, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro and Cochrane databases were used. Randomized controlled trials published between 2018 and 2023 have been included. This study follows the PRISMA 2020 statement and has been registered in the PROSPERO database. Finally, six studies were included. The cervical range of motion (ROM) in rotation was the most analyzed variable, followed by the ultrasound evaluation; one of the studies included the analysis of children\u2019s motor development with the Alberta scale. All research found benefits associated with soft tissue mobilization, passive stretching techniques and manual therapy of the cervical spine. In conclusion, it is possible to recommend manual therapy and passive stretching techniques for the treatment of CMT, with significant results on the cervical ROM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1703071473000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effectiveness of the Treatment of Physiotherapy in the Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Huguet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6814-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Almagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physical Therapy and Medicine, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Rosety-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Move-It Research Group, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of C\u00e1diz, Plaza Fragela, s\/n, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vinolo-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Clinical Management Unit, Interlevels-Intercenters Hospital Puerta del Mar, Hospital Puerto Real, C\u00e1diz Bay-La Janda Health District, 11006 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz (INiBICA), Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ayala-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of C\u00e1diz, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7881-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"G\u00f3ngora-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1999.0180","article-title":"New surgical technique for the correction of congenital muscular torticollis (wry neck)","volume":"38","author":"Stassen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0746.119222","article-title":"Congenital muscular torticollis","volume":"3","author":"Nilesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cunha, B., Tadi, P., and Bragg, B.N. (2023). Pediatric Surgery General Pediatric Surgery, Tumors, Trauma and Transplantation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-935X(15)71142-1","article-title":"Tort\u00edcolis muscular cong\u00e9nito","volume":"48","author":"Peyrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMC Apar. Locomot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000544","article-title":"Physical Therapy Management of Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A 2018 Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline from the American Physical Therapy Association Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Kaplan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000576","article-title":"Frequency-Specific Microcurrent for Treatment of Longstanding Congenital Muscular Torticollis","volume":"31","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3181f940f3","article-title":"A developmental perspective on congenital muscular torticollis: A critical appraisal of the evidence","volume":"22","author":"Tessmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200003000-00001","article-title":"Congenital muscular torticollis and the associated craniofacial changes","volume":"105","author":"Hollier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-I., Kee, J.H., Choi, J.Y., and Yang, S.S. (2021). Is Longstanding Congenital Muscular Torticollis Provoking Pelvic Malalignment Syndrome?. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8090735"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31815ebb27","article-title":"Reference values for range of motion and muscle function of the neck in infants","volume":"20","author":"Beckung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro Scale for Rating Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, D., Shin, Y.J., Choi, J.Y., Jung, S.J., and Yang, S.S. (2019). Changes in Muscle Stiffness in Infants with Congenital Muscular Torticollis. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040158"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, D.R., and Cho, S.C. (2023). Efficacy of Intensive Inpatient Therapy in Infants with Congenital Muscular Torticollis Involving the Entire Sternocleidomastoid Muscle. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10061088"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26998","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026998","article-title":"Effect of physical therapy intervention on thickness and ratio of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and head rotation angle in infants with congenital muscular torticollis: A randomized clinical trial (CONSORT)","volume":"100","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169746","article-title":"A randomized controlled study on the efficiency of soft tissue mobilization in babies with congenital muscular torticollis","volume":"31","author":"Keklicek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-00995-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of pediatric integrative manual therapy in cervical movement limitation in infants with positional plagiocephaly: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1660829","article-title":"Management of Infants with Congenital Muscular Torticollis","volume":"17","author":"Durguti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2023.108144","article-title":"The outcomes of congenital torticollis delayed surgery in older children: A case series","volume":"106","author":"Oukessou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28466","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028466","article-title":"Sternocleidomastoid size and upper trapezius muscle thickness in congenital torticollis patients: A retrospective observational study","volume":"100","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2018.04.004","article-title":"Manipulation Under Anesthesia in Infants with Arthrogenic Newborn Torticollis: A Retrospective Case Series","volume":"17","author":"Paravicini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2014.12.003","article-title":"Chiropractic management of infantile torticollis with associated abnormal fixation of one eye: A case report","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182959e30","article-title":"Is craniofacial asymmetry progressive in untreated congenital muscular torticollis?","volume":"132","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513511341","article-title":"Efficacy of microcurrent therapy in infants with congenital muscular torticollis involving the entire sternocleidomastoid muscle: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000906","article-title":"Infants with Congenital Muscular Torticollis Requiring Supplemental Physical Therapy Interventions","volume":"34","author":"Greve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjam.2019.08.002","article-title":"Tuina for infant congenital muscular torticollis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Acupunct. Moxibustion"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516673885","article-title":"A randomized, single-blinded pilot study evaluating the effects of kinesiology taping and the tape application techniques in addition to therapeutic exercises in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis","volume":"31","author":"Giray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1760132541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["children11010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}}}