{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1787600963860,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WPLab, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on available data that include approximately 20 lines of evidence from studies in laboratory animal models, observations in humans, correlations in time, and pharmacological\/toxicological considerations, it has been concluded without reasonable doubt and with no evidence to the contrary that exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen (paracetamol) induces many, if not most, cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relative number of cases of ASD that might be induced by acetaminophen has not yet been estimated. Here, we examine a variety of evidence, including the acetaminophen-induced reduction of social awareness in adults, the prevalence of ASD through time, and crude estimates of the relative number of ASD cases induced by acetaminophen during various periods of neurodevelopment. We conclude that the very early postpartum period poses the greatest risk for acetaminophen-induced ASD, and that nearly ubiquitous use of acetaminophen during early development could conceivably be responsible for the induction in the vast majority, perhaps 90% or more, of all cases of ASD. Despite over a decade of accumulating evidence that acetaminophen is harmful for neurodevelopment, numerous studies demonstrate that acetaminophen is frequently administered to children in excess of currently approved amounts and under conditions in which it provides no benefit. Further, studies have failed to demonstrate long-term benefits of acetaminophen for the pediatric population, leaving no valid rationale for continued use of the drug in that population given its risks to neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T06:18:13Z","timestamp":1703830693000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Dangers of Acetaminophen for Neurodevelopment Outweigh Scant Evidence for Long-Term Benefits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"WPLab, Inc., Durham, NC 27707, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren G.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WPLab, Inc., Durham, NC 27707, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WPLab, Inc., Durham, NC 27707, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WPLab, Inc., Durham, NC 27707, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dillan","family":"Bono-Lunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zacharoula","family":"Konsoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WPLab, Inc., Durham, NC 27707, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"774","article-title":"The safety of pediatric use of paracetamol (acetaminophen): A narrative review of direct and indirect evidence","volume":"74","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Jones, J., Anderson, L., Konsoula, Z., Nevison, C., Reissner, K., and Parker, W. 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