{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:40:28Z","timestamp":1776440428029,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mumps is an acute contagious viral disease caused by paramyxovirus characterized by complications that include orchitis, oophoritis, aseptic meningitis, and spontaneous abortion among many others. This study reports high mumps IgG seropositivity among school-aged children in rural areas of the Mbeya region, information that might be useful in understanding the epidemiology of mumps and instituting appropriate control measures including vaccination. Between May and July 2023, a cross-sectional study involving 196 enrolled children aged 5\u201313 years was conducted. Sociodemographic information and other relevant information were collected using a structured data collection tool. Blood samples were collected and used to detect mumps immunoglobulin G antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A descriptive analysis was performed using STATA version 15. The median age of the enrolled children was 13 (interquartile range (IQR): 8\u201313) years. The seropositivity of mumps IgG antibodies was 88.8% (174\/196, 95% CI: 83.5\u201392.5). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, history of fever (OR: 5.36, 95% CI: 1.02\u201328.22, p = 0.047) and sharing utensils (OR: 8.05, 95% CI: 1.99\u201332.65, p = 0.003) independently predicted mumps IgG seropositivity. More than three-quarters of school-aged children in rural areas of the Mbeya region are mumps IgG-seropositive, which is significantly associated with the sharing of utensils and history of fever. This suggests that the virus is endemic in this region, which calls for further studies across the country so as to institute evidence-based, appropriate control measures including a vaccination program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1704775131000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The High Seropositivity of Mumps Virus IgG Antibodies among School-Aged Children in Rural Areas of the Mbarali District in the Mbeya Region, Tanzania: It Is High Time for Consideration in the National Immunization Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mariam M.","family":"Mirambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausta","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Dodoma P.O. Box 743, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Nyawale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Mbugano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maneja B.","family":"Walwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Mahamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma P.O. Box 395, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delfina R.","family":"Msanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Okamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prisca","family":"Damiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Mshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Davison, P., and Morris, J. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60419-5","article-title":"Mumps","volume":"371","author":"Hviid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mumps and mumps vaccine: A global review","volume":"77","author":"Galazka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadri, S.M., Rehman, S.-U., Rehana, K., Brady, A.H., and Chattu, V.K. (2018). Should mumps be higher up on the public health agenda in India? A concern for global health security. Med. 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