{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:45:42Z","timestamp":1791499542088,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To investigate through an international survey the actual clinical application of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to clarify the use, application, clinical indications, and protocol of pediatric DISE. Methods: A specific survey about pediatric DISE was initially developed by five international otolaryngologists with expertise in pediatric sleep apnea and drug-induced sleep endoscopy and was later spread to experts in the field of sleep apnea, members of different OSA-related associations. Results: A total of 101 participants who answered all the survey questions were considered in the study. Sixty-four sleep apnea experts, equivalent to 63.4% of interviewed experts, declared they would perform DISE in pediatric OSA patients. A total of 81.9% of responders agreed to consider the DISE as the first diagnostic step in children with persistent OSA after adenotonsillectomy surgery, whereas 55.4% disagreed with performing DISE at the same time of scheduled adenotonsillectomy surgery to identify other possible sites of collapse. In the case of young patients with residual OSA and only pharyngeal collapse during DISE, 51.8% of experts agreed with performing a velopharyngeal surgery. In this case, 27.7% disagreed and 21.4% were neutral. Conclusion: Pediatric DISE is internationally considered to be a safe and effective procedure for identifying sites of obstruction and collapse after adenotonsillectomy in children with residual OSA. This is also useful in cases of patients with craniofacial malformations, small tonsils, laryngomalacia or Down syndrome to identify the actual site(s) of collapse. Despite this evidence, our survey highlighted that pediatric DISE is not used in different sleep centers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1705045636000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical Application of Pediatric Sleep Endoscopy: An International Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1781-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannicola","family":"Iannella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organi di Senso, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3052-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Magliulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organi di Senso, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organi di Senso, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"De Virgilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Elsan Polyclinic of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Calvo-Henriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Otolaryngology, Rhinology Unit, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela Traves\u00eda de Choupana, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Yassin","family":"Bahgat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuele","family":"Casale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Therapies in Otolaryngology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Grupo Medico San Pedro, Monterrey 64660, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Salamanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Unit, San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"D\u2019Ecclesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS \u2018Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza\u2019, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Civil Hospital of Alghero, 07041 Alghero, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Unit, San Pio X Hospital, 20159 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Cannavicci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cammaroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Vicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department ENT & Audiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organi di Senso, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111627","article-title":"International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) consensus on scoring of pediatric Drug Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE)","volume":"171","author":"Parikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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