{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:57:03Z","timestamp":1789095423751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Projects of Eskisehir Osmangazi University","award":["2019\/11052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/11052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Septic arthritis (SA) is a serious bacterial infection that must be treated efficiently and timely. The large number of culture-negative cases makes local epidemiological data important. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the etiology, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic approach of SA in children in Turkiye, emphasizing the role of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques in the diagnosis. Methods: In this multi-center, prospective study, children hospitalized due to SA between February 2018 and July 2020 in 23 hospitals in 14 cities in Turkiye were included. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, and radiological findings were assessed, and real-time PCR was performed using synovial fluid samples. Results: Seventy-five children aged between 3 and 204 months diagnosed with acute SA were enrolled. Joint pain was the main complaint at admission, and the most commonly involved joints were the knees in 58 patients (77.4%). The combination of synovial fluid culture and real-time PCR detected causative bacteria in 33 patients (44%). In 14 (18.7%) patients, the etiological agent was demonstrated using only PCR. The most commonly isolated etiologic agent was Staphylococcus aureus, which was detected in 22 (29.3%) patients, while Streptococcus pyogenes was found in 4 (5.3%) patients and Kingella kingae in 3 (4%) patients. Streptococcus pyogenes and Kingella kingae were detected using only PCR. Most patients (81.3%) received combination therapy with multiple agents, and the most commonly used combination was glycopeptides plus third-generation cephalosporin. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen in pediatric SA, and with the use of advanced diagnostic approaches, such as real-time PCR, the chance of diagnosis increases, especially in cases due to Kingella kingae and Streptococcus pyogenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pathogens in Pediatric Septic Arthritis: A Multi-Center Study in Turkiye (PEDSART Study)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Merve","family":"Iseri Nepesov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enes","family":"Sali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34764, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8926-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edanur","family":"Yesil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin 33240, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asuman","family":"Akar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Kaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children\u2019s Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06080, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3465-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozge","family":"Metin Akcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Kilic Cil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Adana City Hospital, Adana 01230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canan","family":"Ozlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35210, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Lacinel Gurlevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2827-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emel","family":"Ulusoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences Izmir Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir 35210, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benhur Sirvan","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narin","family":"Akici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Haydarpa\u015fa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34764, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Deniz","family":"Uslu Aygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cerrahpa\u015fa University, Istanbul 34098, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cafer Ozgur","family":"Hancerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Tekin Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, \u0130zmit 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulsum","family":"Alkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"Uygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ad\u0131yaman University, Ad\u0131yaman 02040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Hakan","family":"Bucak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ad\u0131yaman University, Ad\u0131yaman 02040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Bursal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34303, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylan","family":"Celik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Sutcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Nur","family":"Oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children\u2019s Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06080, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep Gokce","family":"Gayretli Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adem","family":"Karbuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul 34384, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hacer","family":"Akturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1886-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eda","family":"Kepenekli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1307-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melike","family":"Emiroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5493-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selim","family":"Oncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric 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T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir 35020, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"Alabaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursen","family":"Belet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35210, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonul","family":"Tanir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children\u2019s Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06080, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Turgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ad\u0131yaman University, Ad\u0131yaman 02040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3536-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solmaz","family":"Celebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa 16059, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6721-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Necdet","family":"Kuyucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emin Sami","family":"Arisoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, \u0130zmit 41001, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2002-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gul","family":"Durmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eski\u015fehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mucahit","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagen Biotechnological Systems Healthcare and Automation Company, Ankara 06070, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ates","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ener Cagri","family":"Dinleyici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001309","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of acute, uncomplicated septic arthritis and osteomyelitis: Spanish Multicenter Study","volume":"35","author":"Calvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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