{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:35Z","timestamp":1760143235311,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018170","name":"Agence Fran\u00e7aise de D\u00e9veloppement and the Pierre Fabre Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AFD CLB1148 01K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFD CLB1148 01K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this extensive study examining the health of 7184 school children aged 3 to 12 in 27 Lebanese schools, screenings involved medical evaluation and interviews, complemented by phone interviews with 3880 parents. Notably, one in two students received a medical referral, revealing prevalent issues such as dental cavities (33%), under-vaccination (25%), undetected vision problems (13%), abnormal growth (6%), underweight (27%), and overweight (33%). Additional concerns encompassed abnormal vital signs (3%), abuse signs (0.6%), infectious skin lesions (1.6%), scoliosis (1.7%), abnormal auscultation (heart 1.1%, lungs 1.2%), ear problems (3.3%), precocious puberty (0.7%), and neurologic signs (0.6%). Mental health challenges affected 20\u201325% of students. Public schools and Beirut exhibited higher referral rates, with girls, older children, overweight students, those lacking regular pediatrician visits, and children of self-employed or less educated parents facing elevated referral rates. In contrast, children of healthcare workers experienced fewer referrals. Against this backdrop, the study emphasizes the imperative for targeted health initiatives, particularly in marginalized areas and for socioeconomically disadvantaged students. Priority areas include dental care, weight issues, mental health, vaccination compliance, and addressing vision problems to enhance learning outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11020175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1706586312000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Referrals and Determinant Factors of a National School Health Campaign in Lebanon on Children Aged between 3 and 12 Years Old"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Habchy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Tahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charbel","family":"Moussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7918-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogarite","family":"Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Njeim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Abou Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese Association of the Knights of Malta (Order of Malta Lebanon), Vanlian Bldg, 6th Fl. City Rama Str. Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 11-4286, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wassim","family":"El Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese Association of the Knights of Malta (Order of Malta Lebanon), Vanlian Bldg, 6th Fl. City Rama Str. Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 11-4286, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Medical Center University Hospital, Mansourieh P.O. Box 295, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9chara","family":"El Asmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese Association of the Knights of Malta (Order of Malta Lebanon), Vanlian Bldg, 6th Fl. City Rama Str. Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 11-4286, Lebanon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut P.O. Box 17-5208, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Achrafieh, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirna N.","family":"Chahine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"},{"name":"Lebanese Association of the Knights of Malta (Order of Malta Lebanon), Vanlian Bldg, 6th Fl. City Rama Str. Dekwaneh, Beirut P.O. Box 11-4286, Lebanon"},{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath 1519, Lebanon"},{"name":"Foundation-Medical Research Institutes (F-MRI<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>), Achrafieh, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"},{"name":"Foundation-Medical Research Institutes (F-MRI<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.170431","article-title":"The Global Strategy for Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health (2016\u20132030): A Roadmap Based on Evidence and Country Experience","volume":"94","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Allensworth, D., Lawson, E., Nicholson, L., and Wyche, J. (1997). Schools & Health: Our Nation\u2019s Investment Allensworth, National Academies Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_226_18","article-title":"Effectiveness of Multi-Strategic Health Screening Cum Educational Intervention Model in Promoting Health of School Children in Rural Coimbatore","volume":"63","author":"Muhammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). School Health Programme: A Strategic Approach for Improving Health and Education in Pakistan. Available online: https:\/\/healtheducationresources.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/SchoolHealthProgrammePakistan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, R.M., Miyaguchi, M., Shibanuma, A., Khanal, A., Yasuoka, J., and Jimba, M. (2016). A School Health Project Can Uplift the Health Status of School Children in Nepal. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166001"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A., Wong, M.C.S., Keung, V., Yuen, H.K.L., Cheng, F.K., and Mok, J.S.Y. (2008). Can the Concept of Health Promoting Schools Help to Improve Students\u2019 Health Knowledge and Practices to Combat the Challenge of Communicable Diseases: Case Study in Hong Kong?. BMC Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-42"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callahan, D. (2012). The Roots of Bioethics: Health, Progress, Technology, Death, Oxford Academic. online edn.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199931378.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodrow, N., Fairbrother, H., D\u2019Apice, K., Breheny, K., Albers, P.N., Mills, C., Tebbett, S., Campbell, R., and De Vocht, F. (2022). Exploring the Potential of a School-Based Online Health and Wellbeing Screening Tool: Young People\u2019s Perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074062"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, D.L., Jerman, P., Marques, S.S., Koita, K., Boparai, S.K.P., Harris, N.B., and Bucci, M. (2018). Systematic Review of Pediatric Health Outcomes Associated with Childhood Adversity. BMC Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1037-7"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). Global School-Based Student Health Survey Report Lebanon 2017, Available online: https:\/\/www.moph.gov.lb\/userfiles\/files\/GSHS_Report_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"373","article-title":"The How, Whom, and Why of Parents\u2019 Involvement in Children\u2019s Academic Lives: More Is Not Always Better","volume":"77","author":"Pomerantz","year":"2007","journal-title":"RER"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318258f100","article-title":"Good Agreement between Parents and Physician in the Assessment of Ear Discharge in Children","volume":"31","author":"Schilder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, K., Kov\u00e1cs, K.E., Bacskai, K., B\u00e9k\u00e9si, Z., Ol\u00e1h, \u00c1.J., and Pusztai, G. (2022). The Effects and Types of Parental Involvement in School-Based Sport and Health Programs Still Represent a Knowledge Gap: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912859"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). Pediatric History & Physical Exam (Children Are Not Just Little Adults). Available online: https:\/\/www.ped.med.utah.edu\/cai\/howto\/H&P%20write-up.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). Pediatric Health History Questionnaire. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthparkpediatrics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Initial-Health-Questionnaire.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). Initial History Questionnaire. Available online: https:\/\/morehousehealthcare.com\/documents\/pediatric-initial-history-questionnaire.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). Questionnaire Parental En Vue de la Visite Avec le M\u00e9decin de L\u2019\u00e9ducation Nationale. Available online: http:\/\/www.abdelmalek-sayad-nanterre.ac-versailles.fr\/IMG\/pdf\/questionnaire_parent_visite_medicale.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fortin, M.-F., and Gagnon, J. (2016). Fondements et Etapes du Processus de Recherche: M\u00e9thodes Quantitatives et Qualitatives, Cheneli\u00e8re Education. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1973.04160040036007","article-title":"Health Screening in School-Age Children","volume":"125","author":"Grant","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nationwide Report on the Findings of Integrated School Health Screening Program in Iran","volume":"39","author":"Amirkhani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2018.09.003","article-title":"Watch Me Grow: A Well-Child Examination Protocol to Improve Preventive Care in Dominican Children","volume":"33","author":"Holley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). Surviving without Basics: A Study on the Impact of the Economic Crisis and COVID-19 on Children and Families in Lebanon. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/lebanon\/reports\/surviving-without-basics."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). ESCWA Warns: Three-Quarters of Lebanon\u2019s Residents Plunge into Poverty. Available online: https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/news\/escwa-warns-three-quarters-lebanon%E2%80%99s-residents-plunge-poverty."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2011.04.001","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Performance of Public Schools in Lebanon","volume":"32","author":"Mattar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., and Geng, L. (2019). Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Physical and Psychological Health: Lifestyle as a Mediator. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020281"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005034","article-title":"Psychological Effects of COVID-19 on Children of Health Care Workers","volume":"131","author":"Mahajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01054-2","article-title":"Association of Parental Characteristics with Offspring Anthropometric Failure, Anaemia and Mortality in India","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.077073","article-title":"Maternal Employment and Indicators of Child Health: A Systematic Review in Pre-School Children in OECD Countries","volume":"63","author":"Mindlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-005X.00123","article-title":"What Is Family Friendly about the Workplace in the Home? The Case of Self-employed Parents and Their Children","volume":"18","author":"Baines","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Technol. Work Employ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2281(82)90011-X","article-title":"Parental Education and Child Health: Intracountry Evidence","volume":"2","author":"Cochrane","year":"1982","journal-title":"Health Policy Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wdp.2018.09.002","article-title":"What Matters More for Child Health: A Father\u2019s Education or Mother\u2019s Education?","volume":"10","author":"Nepal","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Balasundaram, P., and Krishna, S. (2023, April 27). Obesity Effects on Child Health, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK570613\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mroue, T., Heras, B., Del Castillo, J.M.S., and Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela, M. (2023). Prevalence of Malnutrition among Syrian Refugee Children from Lebanon. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020453"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.4251","article-title":"Association of the COVID-19 Pandemic with Routine Childhood Vaccination Rates and Proportion up to Date with Vaccinations across 8 US Health Systems in the Vaccine Safety Datalink","volume":"176","author":"DeSilva","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landoh, D.E., Ouro-Kavalah, F., Yaya, I., Kahn, A.-L., Wasswa, P., Lacle, A., Nassoury, D.I., Gitta, S., and Soura, A. (2016). Predictors of Incomplete Immunization Coverage among One to Five Years Old Children in Togo. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3625-5"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_220_21","article-title":"Determinants of Incomplete Vaccination among Children 12\u201323 Months in Nigeria: An Analysis of a National Sample","volume":"34","author":"Ogundele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz023","article-title":"Vaccine Coverage for Lebanese Citizens and Syrian Refugees in Lebanon","volume":"11","author":"Kmeid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, Z., Arab, J., Said, R., Rady, A., Hamadeh, R., Gerbaka, B., and Bizri, A.R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Utilization of Routine Immunization Services in Lebanon. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246951"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.092","article-title":"Correlates of High Vaccination Exemption Rates among Kindergartens","volume":"31","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matta, P., Mouallem, R.E., Akel, M., Hallit, S., and Khalife, M.-C.F. (2020). Parents\u2019 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Children\u2019s Vaccination in Lebanon: Role of the Parent-Physician Communication. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09526-3"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00237-z","article-title":"Dental Caries in Primary and Permanent Teeth in Children\u2019s Worldwide, 1995 to 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kazeminia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519849557","article-title":"The Relationship between Income and Oral Health: A Critical Review","volume":"98","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Hong, J., Xiong, D., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Huang, S., and Hua, F. (2020). Are Parents\u2019 Education Levels Associated with Either Their Oral Health Knowledge or Their Children\u2019s Oral Health Behaviors? A Survey of 8446 Families in Wuhan. BMC Oral. Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01186-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.07.009","article-title":"Referral Outcomes from a Vision Screening Program for School-Aged Children","volume":"56","author":"Silverstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840511424413","article-title":"Outcomes of an Elementary School-Based Vision Screening Program in North Carolina","volume":"28","author":"Kemper","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sch. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4694","article-title":"Socioeconomic Disparity in Use of Eye Care Services among US Adults with Age-Related Eye Diseases","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.04.003","article-title":"Referral to Community Care from School-Based Eye Care Programs in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Shakarchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"161","article-title":"Socio-Economic Background and Prevalence of Visual Defects amongst Students in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Osuchukwu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizo\u011flu, S., Crewther, S.G., \u015eerefhan, F., Barutchu, A., G\u00f6ker, S., and Junghans, B.M. (2017). Evidence for the Need for Vision Screening of School Children in Turkey. BMC Ophthalmol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0618-9"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12834","article-title":"Family Socioeconomic Status and Children\u2019s Screen Time","volume":"84","author":"Mollborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21923","DOI":"10.2196\/21923","article-title":"Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu653","article-title":"The MAL-ED Study: A Multinational and Multidisciplinary Approach to Understand the Relationship Between Enteric Pathogens, Malnutrition, Gut Physiology, Physical Growth, Cognitive Development, and Immune Responses in Infants and Children Up to 2 Years of Age in Resource-Poor Environments","volume":"59","author":"Acosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Field, M.J., and Boat, T.F. (2023, April 27). Children\u2019s Growth and Development and Pediatric Drug Studies. Safe and Effective Medicines for Children: Pediatric Studies Conducted under the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and the Pediatric Research Equity Act, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK202030\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.201","article-title":"Missed Well-Child Care Visits, Low Continuity of Care, and Risk of Ambulatory Care\u2013Sensitive Hospitalizations in Young Children","volume":"164","author":"Tom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509339388","article-title":"Fathers, Physical Child Abuse, and Neglect: Advancing the knowledge base","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Maltreat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.107664","article-title":"Screening for Skin Diseases among Primary School Children in a Rural Area of Puducherry","volume":"79","author":"Saurabh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307819","article-title":"Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Cardiac Murmurs in Schoolchildren","volume":"100","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.017","article-title":"Wheezing in Preschool Children","volume":"89","author":"Tenero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08985-5","article-title":"Association of Children Wheezing Diseases with Meteorological and Environmental Factors in Suzhou, China","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yunitawati, D., Khairunnisa, M., and Latifah, L. (2022, January 23\u201324). Maternal Characteristics as Predictors of the Incidence of Acute Upper Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five Years Old in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference for Health Research\u2014BRIN (ICHR 2022), Jakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-112-8_46"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"523","article-title":"Assessment of the Effect of Socioeconomic Factors on the Prevalence of Respiratory Disorders in Children","volume":"58","author":"Wronka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.23937\/2643-4512\/1710080","article-title":"Prevalence of Ear Infections in Children (0 to 15 Years) of India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Ragini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Public Health Community Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473974X20923580","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X20923580","article-title":"How the World\u2019s Children Hear: A Narrative Review of School Hearing Screening Programs Globally","volume":"4","author":"Yong","year":"2020","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.05.020","article-title":"Pattern of Ear Diseases in Rural School Children: Experiences of Free Health Camps in Nepal","volume":"73","author":"Adhikari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v21i1.6","article-title":"Prevalence of Cerumen Impaction and Associated Factors among Primary School Children in Mwanza City, Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"Chalya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tanzan. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Cotton bud misuse in children: Cause of resistant otitis external","volume":"26","author":"Beigh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tang, C., Zafar, G.A., and Damian, M. (2023, April 27). Delayed Puberty, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544322\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.292","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Precocious Puberty. Effects of Exogenous Oestrogens","volume":"7","author":"Partsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04022-1","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Precocious Sexual Maturation: An Updated Review","volume":"180","author":"Cheuiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.11.003","article-title":"The Contribution of Neurologic Disorders to the National Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Problems among Children and Adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Whitney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"62","article-title":"Early Detection of Mental Health through Universal Screening at Schools","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ga. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.21037\/pm-20-107","article-title":"Mental Health Concerns and Childhood Chronic Physical Health Conditions: A Narrative Review","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soultatou, P., Vardaros, S., and Bagos, P.G. (2023). School Health Services and Health Education Curricula in Greece: Scoping Review and Policy Plan. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11121678"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/2\/175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:29Z","timestamp":1760104289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/2\/175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children11020175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11020175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]}}}