{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:08:28Z","timestamp":1791216508726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality compatible with life. The life of patients suffering from DS can be strongly impacted by Recurrent Respiratory tract Infections (RRIs), leading to an increased rate of hospitalisation, a higher need for intensive care and fatality. With a literature review, we summarise here the main etiological factors for RRI in this category of patients, particularly focusing on airway malformations such as tracheomalacia, tracheal bronchus and bronchomalacia, comorbidities associated with the syndrome, like congenital heart diseases, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, musculoskeletal involvement and obesity, and immunologic impairments, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. For these patients, a multidisciplinary approach is imperative as well as some preventive strategies, in particular vaccinations in accordance with their national schedule for immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11020246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T05:55:59Z","timestamp":1707976559000},"page":"246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Children with Down Syndrome: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Garancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gianolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Zirpoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Radiology Unit, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Farolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-5810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enza","family":"D\u2019Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Vincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, \u201cVittore Buzzi\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1589","article-title":"National Population-Based Estimates for Major Birth Defects, 2010\u20132014","volume":"111","author":"Mai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2015.11.003","article-title":"Associated Congenital Anomalies among Cases with Down Syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. 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