{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T21:10:27Z","timestamp":1787605827831,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Hematuria is a worrisome symptom in children and is sometimes associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to identify useful clinical factors that can predict UTIs in hematuria patients without pyuria in the pediatric emergency department (ED). Methods: We retrospectively recruited patients with hematuria from the pediatric ED. Clinical symptoms, urine biochemistry and microscopic examination results, and blood laboratory tests were analyzed to identify the predictors of UTIs. Patients were divided into the verbal group (age \u2265 2 years) and non-verbal group (age &lt; 2 years) for identifying predictors of UTIs. Causes of hematuria were also investigated. Results: A total of 161 patients with hematuria without pyuria were evaluated. Among symptoms, dysuria was significantly correlated with UTIs. Regarding urine biochemistry data, urine esterase and urine protein &gt; 30 mg\/dl were found to be significant parameters for predicting UTIs, while urine esterase and urine nitrite showed significant differences in children with age &lt; 2 years. In the urine microscopic examinations, urine red blood cells (RBC) &gt; 373\/\u00b5L in children aged \u2265 2 years and urine RBC &gt; 8\/\u00b5L in children aged &lt; 2 years were associated with UTIs. In addition, UTIs and urinary tract stones were found to be the top two causes of hematuria. Conclusions: Dysuria, urine esterase, urine nitrite, and urine protein may be useful parameters for predicting UTIs in pediatric patients with hematuria but no pyuria in the ED. In addition, a UTI was the most commonly identified etiology of hematuria without pyuria, followed by urinary tract stones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11020248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T08:29:37Z","timestamp":1707985777000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infections in Children with Hematuria in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bei-Cyuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wun-Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ya","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, New Tai Ping Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung 41142, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-An","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Jen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X13666181228154940","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in children","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat. 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