{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:30:05Z","timestamp":1791235805263,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Schroth exercise can reduce the deformity of the spine and improve the life quality and the body image of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). (2) Methods: The study began with 49 participants, aged 10\u201316 years old, who were diagnosed with AIS. At the end of the study, 37 patients were randomly assigned to either the Supervised (n = 19) or Home-Based Schroth Exercise Group (n = 18) and completed the study. Both groups were treated for seven days a week over twelve weeks. For all patients, body rotation measurements were performed with a scoliometer, surface asymmetry analysis was carried out using an Artec Eva 3D scanner, health-related quality of life was evaluated by the Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire, and the perception of the cosmetic deformity was assessed by the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale (WRVAS). All the measurements were repeated before and after the 12-week treatment. (3) Results: Post-treatment scoliometric measurements showed a significant decrease in body rotation in both groups (p &lt; 0.05). Similarly, both groups observed significant positive changes in SRS-22 and WRVAS scores (p &lt; 005). RMS values were statistically significant in both groups; the difference was only statistically significant in the thoracic anterior arm subparameter (p &lt; 0.05). (4) Conclusion: The Schroth exercise for both groups with AIS improved body symmetry, quality of life, and body image.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11030354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1710738847000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Comparison of the Effects of Supervised versus Home Schroth Exercise Programs with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadriye","family":"Tombak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Vocational School of Health Services, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130nci","family":"Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-7077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umut","family":"Ozsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y\u0131lmaz","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sezen","family":"Kara\u015fin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-5188-2","article-title":"Is there asymmetry between the concave and convex pedicles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A CT investigation","volume":"475","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-015-0048-5","article-title":"The effect of Schroth exercises added to the standard of care on the quality of life and muscle endurance in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis\u2014An assessor and statistician blinded randomized controlled trial:\u201cSOSORT 2015 Award Winner\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Schreiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review and current concepts","volume":"64","author":"Reamy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170868","article-title":"Effectiveness of basic body awareness therapy in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A randomized controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Yagci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4802-z","article-title":"Clinical balance tests, proprioceptive system and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"26","author":"Guyot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-4","article-title":"Why do we treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? What we want to obtain and to avoid for our patients. SOSORT 2005 Consensus paper","volume":"1","author":"Negrini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaina, F., Ferrario, I., Caronni, A., Scarano, S., Donzelli, S., and Negrini, S. (2023). Measuring Quality of Life in Adults with Scoliosis: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing SRS-22 and ISYQOL Questionnaires. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155071"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"G\u00fcr, G. (2015). The Investigation of Effectiveness of Spinal Stabilization Exercises and Body Awareness Therapy on Subjective Vertical Perception and Trunk Symmetry in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, Hacettepe University."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515575745","article-title":"The efficacy of three-dimensional Schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Kuru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.533342","article-title":"Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An updated systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Fusco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.2667","article-title":"Effects of consecutive application of stretching, Schroth, and strengthening exercises on Cobb\u2019s angle and the rib hump in an adult with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35377","DOI":"10.17795\/mejrh-35377","article-title":"Treatment of Scoliosis-Evidence and Management (Review of the Literature)","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Middle East J. Rehabil. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrijevi\u0107, V., \u0160\u0107epanovi\u0107, T., Jevti\u0107, N., Ra\u0161kovi\u0107, B., Milankov, V., Milosevi\u0107, Z., Ninkovi\u0107, S.S., Chockalingam, N., Obradovi\u0107, B., and Drid, P. (2022). Application of the Schroth Method in the Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416730"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-7-1","article-title":"Scoliosis short-term rehabilitation (SSTR) according to\u2019Best Practice\u2019standards-are the results repeatable?","volume":"7","author":"Borysov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3","article-title":"Best Practice in conservative scoliosis care","volume":"4","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pflaum Munich"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3241-y","article-title":"Active self-correction and task-oriented exercises reduce spinal deformity and improve quality of life in subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Monticone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0076-9","article-title":"Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises\u2013a comprehensive review of seven major schools","volume":"11","author":"Berdishevsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-014-0027-2","article-title":"SEAS (Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis): A modern and effective evidence based approach to physiotherapic specific scoliosis exercises","volume":"10","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaina, F., Donzelli, S., and Negrini, S. (2023). Idiopathic Scoliosis: Novel Challenges for Researchers and Clinicians. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10010103"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"597","article-title":"Corrective exercise-based therapy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(10)60451-8","article-title":"Introduction to the three-dimensional scoliosis treatment according to Schroth","volume":"78","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiber, S., Parent, E.C., Moez, E.K., Hedden, D.M., Hill, D.L., Moreau, M., Lou, E., Watkins, E.M., and Southon, S.C. (2016). Schroth physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises added to the standard of care lead to better Cobb angle outcomes in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis\u2013an assessor and statistician blinded randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168746"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Asklepios Katharina Schroth Klinik, B.S. (2014, January 8\u201310). In Proceedings of the SOSORT-Annual Meeting 2014, Wiesbaden, Germany. Available online: https:\/\/resource-cms.springernature.com\/springer-cms\/rest\/v1\/content\/7378214\/data\/v1."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.923","article-title":"Effects of the Schroth exercise on the Cobb\u2019s angle and vital capacity of patients with idiopathic scoliosis that is an operative indication","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.02.002","article-title":"Correlation between a novel surface topography asymmetry analysis and radiographic data in scoliosis","volume":"3","author":"Komeili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2018, April 20). Research Randomizer. Available online: http:\/\/www.randomizer.org\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.2.108","article-title":"Validity and reliability testing of the Scoliometer\u00ae","volume":"70","author":"Amendt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466090-00010","article-title":"An objective criterion for scoliosis screening","volume":"66","author":"Bunnell","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3961-7","article-title":"Reliability and validity of inexpensive and easily administered anthropometric clinical evaluation methods of postural asymmetry measurement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Prowse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaneei, M., Komeili, A., Li, Y., Parent, E.C., and Adeeb, S. (2018). 3D Markerless asymmetry analysis in the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2303-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oto.2019.100713","article-title":"Advances in Preoperative Planning: When, How and What to Measure","volume":"29","author":"Berven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H.-H., Tai, C.-L., Chen, L.-H., Niu, C.-C., Chen, W.-J., and Lai, P.-L. (2017). Application of two-parameter scoliometer values for predicting scoliotic Cobb angle. Biomed. Eng. Online, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0427-7"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06769-5","article-title":"Assessment of the reliability of hand-held surface scanner in the evaluation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"Yildirim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, B., Chockalingam, N., Shannon, T., Jevtic, N., Lazic, F., Jasani, V., Eddison, N., Healy, A., and Needham, R. (2023). Non-Invasive Assessment of Back Surface Topography: Technologies, Techniques and Clinical Utility. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208485"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-022-00505-9","article-title":"Reliability of automated topographic measurements for spine deformity","volume":"10","author":"Groisser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000184366.71761.84","article-title":"Reliability and validity of adapted Turkish Version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire","volume":"30","author":"Alanay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-18","article-title":"Validity of the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale to measure subjective perception of spine deformity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"1","author":"Pineda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000084629.97042.0B","article-title":"Analysis of patient and parent assessment of deformity in idiopathic scoliosis using the Walter Reed Visual Assessment Scale","volume":"28","author":"Sanders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O53","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-7-S1-O53","article-title":"An algorithm for determining scoliosis curve type according to Schroth","volume":"7","author":"Schreiber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwer, S., Alghadir, A., Shaphe, A., and Anwar, D. (2015). Effects of exercise on spinal deformities and quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/123848"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04461-6","article-title":"Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocaman, H., Bek, N., Kaya, M.H., B\u00fcy\u00fckturan, B., Yeti\u015f, M., and B\u00fcy\u00fckturan, \u00d6. (2021). The effectiveness of two different exercise approaches in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A single-blind, randomized-controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249492"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.48048\/wjst.2019.4255","article-title":"Effects of three-dimension schroth exercises and kinesio taping on general mobility of vertebrae, angle of trunk rotation, muscle strength and endurance of trunk, and inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in children with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"16","author":"Duangkeaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Walailak J. Sci. Technol. (WJST)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v75i1.904","article-title":"The effectiveness of Schroth exercises in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0195","article-title":"Specific exercises reduce brace prescription in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A prospective controlled cohort study with worst-case analysis","volume":"40","author":"Negrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721829","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/721829","article-title":"Evaluating the reproducibility of motion analysis scanning of the spine during walking","volume":"2014","author":"Gipsman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0079-y","article-title":"Quantifier variables of the back surface deformity obtained with a noninvasive structured light method: Evaluation of their usefulness in idiopathic scoliosis diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Salvador","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-019-00001-7","article-title":"Evaluating the role of surface topography in the surveillance of scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Applebaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0074-y","article-title":"A reliability and validity study for Scolioscan: A radiation-free scoliosis assessment system using 3D ultrasound imaging","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0097","article-title":"The effect of Schroth therapy on thoracic kyphotic curve and quality of life in Scheuermann\u2019s patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Bezalel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-5-12","article-title":"A review of the trunk surface metrics used as Scoliosis and other deformities evaluation indices","volume":"5","author":"Patias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"409","article-title":"Quality of life after conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"135","author":"Vasiliadis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of Schroth\u2019s rehabilitation program on the self concept of scoliosis patients","volume":"33","author":"Weiss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Die Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.06.001","article-title":"Sensorimotor control impairment in young adults with idiopathic scoliosis compared with healthy controls","volume":"39","author":"Pialasse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E55","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200102150-00005","article-title":"Surface topography, Cobb angles, and cosmetic change in scoliosis","volume":"26","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2020333","article-title":"Characterizing torso shape deformity in scoliosis using structured splines models","volume":"56","author":"Ajemba","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/3\/354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:14:53Z","timestamp":1760105693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/3\/354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children11030354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11030354","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]}}}