{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T18:22:43Z","timestamp":1775931763967,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Specific Academic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["260632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Specific Academic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["484120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["484120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["260632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["484120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["484120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Dual diagnosis is used in addiction medicine to refer to the co-occurrence of an addiction-related disorder and another psychiatric disorder in the same individual. Adolescence is a key period for the development of both mental disorders and addictions. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the relationships between psychiatric and addiction-related disorders in patients of the Outpatient Addiction Treatment Clinic for Children and Adolescents at the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague in 2015\u20132022. Methods: Data were retrospectively analyzed from the hospital\u2019s medical system, which collects basic diagnostic data on patients. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis were performed to identify relationships between psychiatric and addiction-related disorders. Results: Of the 450 patients, 153 patients (34%) met the criteria for dual diagnosis. The most common addiction-related disorders were mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids (35%) and internet gaming disorder (35%). The most common psychiatric diagnoses were behavioural and emotional disorders with usual onset in childhood and adolescence (64%), with a lower prevalence in girls than in boys. Conclusions: These findings may be important for the diagnosis and treatment of risky behaviours and addictions in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:42:30Z","timestamp":1711892550000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of the Relationship between Psychiatric and Addiction-Related Disorders in Patients of an Outpatient Addiction Treatment Clinic for Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8230-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Jandac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Addictology, General University Hospital in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3627-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Stastna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Addictology, General University Hospital in Prague, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Co-morbidity-drug use and mental disorders","volume":"14","author":"Fridell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs Focus"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Miovsk\u00fd, M. (2018). Diagnostika a Terapie ADHD, Grada."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"102","article-title":"Contribution of Socio-Demographic and Structured Leisure Activities\u2019 Characteristics to Adolescents\u2019 Alcohol Use","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adiktologie J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12808","article-title":"Differences in Substance Use, Psychiatric Disorders and Social Factors between Mexican Adolescents and Young Adults: Dual Diagnosis in Mexican Adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Corona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.03.026","article-title":"Longitudinal Investigation of the Impact of Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Adolescence on Subsequent Substance Use Disorder Onset and Vice Versa","volume":"37","author":"Bobova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-018-0144-4","article-title":"Substance Use and Internalizing Symptoms among High School Students and Access to Health Care Services: Results from a Population-Based Study","volume":"110","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108222","article-title":"Patterns of Substance Use among Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"216","author":"Halladay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.05.001","article-title":"Cannabis Use, Other Substance Use, and Co-Occurring Mental Health Concerns among Youth Presenting for Substance Use Treatment Services: Sex and Age Differences","volume":"91","author":"Hawke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1\u0161, J., and Lenka, \u0160. (2023). Prevalence of Dual Diagnoses among Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Conditions. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020293"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000433","article-title":"Categorizing Cannabis and Alcohol Use Patterns of Emerging Adults in Psychiatric Partial Hospitalization Treatment","volume":"25","author":"Blevins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4725-3","article-title":"Changes in Marijuana Use Symptoms and Emotional Functioning over 28-Days of Monitored Abstinence in Adolescent Marijuana Users","volume":"234","author":"Jacobus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17r11839","article-title":"Association of Cannabis With Long-Term Clinical Symptoms in Anxiety and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies","volume":"79","author":"Mammen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22460","article-title":"Reductions in Cannabis Use Are Associated with Mood Improvement in Female Emerging Adults","volume":"33","author":"Moitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115616","article-title":"The Great Decline in Adolescent Risk Behaviours: Unitary Trend, Separate Trends, or Cascade?","volume":"317","author":"Ball","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"330","article-title":"Outpatient Addiction Treatment Clinic for Children and Adolescents: Programme and Activity Structure Model: Model Struktury Programu a \u010dinnosti Ambulance D\u011btsk\u00e9 a Dorostov\u00e9 Adiktologie","volume":"16","author":"Popov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addictology\/Adiktologie"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0535-6","article-title":"Comorbid psychopathology in adolescents and young adults treated for substance use disorders: A review","volume":"15","author":"Couwenbergh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hendl, J. (2015). P\u0159ehled Statistick\u00fdch Metod Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed Dat: Anal\u00fdza a Metaanal\u00fdza Dat, Port\u00e1l. [5th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/4\/414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:45Z","timestamp":1760106105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/4\/414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children11040414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11040414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]}}}