{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:14:04Z","timestamp":1785186844063,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003417","name":"Dr. Senckenbergische Stiftung\/Clementine Kinderhospital Dr. Christ\u2018sche Stiftungen (Germany), Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Uniscientia Stiftung (Switzerland)","award":["FR282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR282"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Until recently, no disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire existed for pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). In this revalidation study, the psychometric properties and the validity of the 35-item QOLIBRI-KID\/ADO questionnaire in its final German version were examined in 300 children and adolescents. It is the first self-reported TBI-specific tool for measuring pediatric HRQoL in individuals aged between 8 and 17 years. The six-factor model fits the data adequately. The questionnaire\u2019s internal consistency was excellent for the total score and satisfactory to excellent for the scale scores. Intraclass correlations indicated good test\u2013retest reliability, and the measure\u2019s construct validity was supported by the overlap between the QOLBRI-KID\/ADO and the PedsQL, which measures generic HRQoL. The discriminant validity tests showed that older children and girls reported a significantly lower HRQoL than comparison groups, and this was also true of children who were anxious or depressed, or who suffered from post-concussion symptoms, replicating the results of the questionnaire\u2019s first developmental study. Our results suggest that the QOLIBRI-KID\/ADO is a reliable and valid multidimensional tool that can be used together with the adult version in clinical contexts and research to measure disease-specific HRQoL after pediatric TBI throughout a person\u2019s life. This may help improve care, treatment, daily functioning, and HRQoL after TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1712571115000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Final Validation of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury for Children and Adolescents (QOLIBRI-KID\/ADO) Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"von Steinbuechel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Zeldovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Division of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugne","family":"Krenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga K.","family":"Koerte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN\/Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, LMU University, Nussbaumstrasse 5, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Mass General Brigham, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-9050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela V.","family":"Bonfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, LMU Center for Development and Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. Von Hauner Children\u2019s Hospital, LMU University Hospital, Haydnstr. 5, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Berweck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Center for Paediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schoen Klinik, Krankenhausstra\u00dfe 20, 83569 Vogtareuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kieslich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital of Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Henrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital of Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Brockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1339-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Buchheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1985-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maike","family":"Roediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics, Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology & Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropediatrics, St. Mauritius Therapeutic Clinic, Str\u00fcmper Stra\u00dfe 111, 40670 Meerbusch, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Stra\u00dfe 69, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler Univesity Hospital GmbH, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Neu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neuropediatry, VAMED Klinik Geesthacht GmbH, Johannes-Ritter-Stra\u00dfe 100, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neuropediatry, VAMED Klinik Geesthacht GmbH, Johannes-Ritter-Stra\u00dfe 100, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joenna","family":"Driemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Greving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Wartemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropediatrics, VAMED Klinik Hohenst\u00fccken GmbH, Brahmsstra\u00dfe 38, 14772 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pinggera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudius","family":"Thom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Suss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wilhelmstift Catholic Children\u2019s Hospital, Liliencronstra\u00dfe 130, 22149 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Muehlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Prevention, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Str. 13, 17487 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5530-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Cunitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2016-0191","article-title":"Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Characteristic Features, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"57","author":"Araki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40124-017-0144-5","article-title":"Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: An Update on Management","volume":"5","author":"Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.045","article-title":"Epidemiology of Global Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Qualitative Review","volume":"91","author":"Dewan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-018-0071-7","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in School-Based Populations: Common Sequelae and Assistive Technology Interventions","volume":"2","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192834","article-title":"Trajectories of Neuropsychological Functioning in Mexican Children with Traumatic Brain Injury over the First Year after Injury","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3971","article-title":"Chronic Aspects of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Review of the Literature","volume":"32","author":"Babikian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1996). Division of Mental Health. WHOQOL-BREF: Introduction, Administration, Scoring and Generic Version of the Assessment: Field Trial Version, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624120-00005","article-title":"Generic Health-Related Quality-of-Life Assessment in Children and Adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Erhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00293.x","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Generic and Disease-Specific Instruments","volume":"11","author":"Solans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Steinbuechel, N., Covic, A., Polinder, S., Kohlmann, T., Cepulyte, U., Poinstingl, H., Backhaus, J., Bakx, W., Bullinger, M., and Christensen, A.-L. (2016). Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life after TBI: Comparison of a Disease-Specific (QOLIBRI) with a Generic (SF-36) Instrument. Behav. Neurol., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7928014"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00537-1","article-title":"Comparative Responsiveness of Generic and Specific Quality-of-Life Instruments","volume":"56","author":"Wiebe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Steinbuechel, N., Zeldovich, M., Greving, S., Olabarrieta-Landa, L., Krenz, U., Timmermann, D., Koerte, I.K., Bonfert, M.V., Berweck, S., and Kieslich, M. (2023). Quality of Life after Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents (QOLIBRI-KID\/ADO)\u2014The First Disease-Specific Self-Report Questionnaire after Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12154898"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeldovich, M., Cunitz, K., Greving, S., Muehlan, H., Bockhop, F., Krenz, U., Timmermann, D., Koerte, I.K., Rojczyk, P., and Roediger, M. (2023). Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury Scale for Kids and Adolescents (QOLIBRI-KID\/ADO) Using Item Response Theory Framework: Results from the Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113716"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199902000-00003","article-title":"The PedsQL: Measurement Model for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory","volume":"37","author":"Varni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-009-9538-3","article-title":"Age and Gender Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Michel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-03006-9","article-title":"Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualit\u00e4t und Zusammenh\u00e4nge mit chronischen Erkrankungen und psychischen Auff\u00e4lligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2","volume":"62","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.9.PEDS20421","article-title":"Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Receiving Initial Head Computed Tomography","volume":"27","author":"Riemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2157","article-title":"Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents Post-TBI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Soo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4704","article-title":"Longitudinal Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life Following Adolescent Sports-Related Concussion","volume":"34","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4292","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury\/Concussion: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"Fineblit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021217","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome from Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Intellectual Ability, Personality, and Quality of Life","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.12.023","article-title":"Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopathology in Adolescence: Evidence From the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods","volume":"65","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Battista, A., Godfrey, C., Soo, C., Catroppa, C., and Anderson, V. (2014). Depression and Health Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Survivors of a Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101842"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327574ijt0502_4","article-title":"Minimum Sample Size Recommendations for Conducting Factor Analyses","volume":"5","author":"Mundfrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Test."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1076","article-title":"Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI): Scale Development and Metric Properties","volume":"27","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1077","article-title":"Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI): Scale Validity and Correlates of Quality of Life","volume":"27","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of Coma and Impaired Consciousness. A Practical Scale","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004). ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, World Health Organization. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093","article-title":"Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population","volume":"46","author":"Decker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21971","article-title":"Screening for Depression in Adolescents: Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire in Pediatric Care","volume":"29","author":"Allgaier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed.]. (DSM-IV)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-021-02026-x","article-title":"National Norms and Correlates of the PHQ-8 and GAD-7 in Parents of School-Age Children","volume":"30","author":"Sequeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child. Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0852","article-title":"Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for Detecting Major Depression among Adolescents","volume":"126","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu014","article-title":"Psychometric Characteristics of the Postconcussion Symptom Inventory in Children and Adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Sady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeldovich, M., Krol, L., Timmermann, D., Krenz, U., Arango-Lasprilla, J.C., Gioia, G., Brockmann, K., Koerte, I.K., Buchheim, A., and Roediger, M. (2023). Psychometric Evaluation and Reference Values for the German Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI-SR8) in Children Aged 8\u201312\u2009Years. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.166828"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.84.2.120","article-title":"A Practical Outcome Scale for Paediatric Head Injury","volume":"84","author":"Crouchman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199711)53:7<663::AID-JCLP4>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test: Structure of a Modified German Version","volume":"53","author":"Horn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Strauss, E., Sherman, E.M., and Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests\u2013Administration, Norms, and Commentary, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bulmer, M.G. (1979). Principles of Statistics, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorbunova, A., Zeldovich, M., Voormolen, D.C., Krenz, U., Polinder, S., Haagsma, J.A., Hagmayer, Y., Covic, A., Real, R.G.L., and Asendorf, T. (2020). Reference Values of the QOLIBRI from General Population Samples in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072100"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Zumbo, B. (1999). A Handbook on the Theory and Methods of Differential Item Functioning (DIF): Logistic Regression Modeling as a Unitary Framework for Binary and Likert-Type (Ordinal) Item Scores, Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation, Department of National Defense."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164496056005002","article-title":"Practical Significance: A Concept Whose Time Has Come","volume":"56","author":"Kirk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01742-8","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in Iranian Adolescents: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Self-Report Form of the PedsQL 4.0 and an Investigation of Gender and Age Differences","volume":"19","author":"Hadianfard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000194140.56429.75","article-title":"Assessment of Subjective Health and Health-Related Quality of Life in Persons with Acquired or Degenerative Brain Injury","volume":"18","author":"Richter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-008-9339-0","article-title":"Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures for Long-Term Follow-up in Children after Major Trauma","volume":"17","author":"Janssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3992.1991.tb00195.x","article-title":"An NCME Instructional Module on. Standard Error of Measurement","volume":"10","author":"Harvill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Educ. Meas. Issues Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cre982oa","article-title":"Reliability and Sensitivity to Change of Measurement Instruments Used in a Traumatic Brain Injury Population","volume":"20","author":"Odding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000075","article-title":"Testing Measurement Invariance in Longitudinal Data with Ordered-Categorical Measures","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1055-2","article-title":"RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in Structural Equation Modeling with Ordered Categorical Data: The Story They Tell Depends on the Estimation Methods","volume":"51","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.55.4.584","article-title":"Utility of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Test Validation Research","volume":"55","author":"Cole","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance Tests and Goodness-of-Fit in Analysis of Covariance Structures","volume":"88","author":"Bentler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1217487","article-title":"Notes on the Steiger\u2013Lind (1980) Handout","volume":"23","author":"Steiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. A Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalos, A.C. (2014). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0753-5"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, L. Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Varni, J.W. (2022, July 06). PedsQL TM (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM). Available online: https:\/\/www.pedsql.org\/score.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2023, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2024). An Introduction to the Psych Package: Part II Scale Construction and Psychometrics, Northwestern University."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v039.i08","article-title":"Lordif: An R Package for Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using Iterative Hybrid Ordinal Logistic Regression\/Item Response Theory and Monte Carlo Simulations","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.02.002","article-title":"Definition and Epidemiology of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"67","author":"Perdrieau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-015-0432-4","article-title":"Erhebung gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualit\u00e4t: Gegenw\u00e4rtiger Stand und Perspektiven","volume":"28","author":"Backhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Epileptol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varni, J.W., Limbers, C.A., and Burwinkle, T.M. (2007). How Young Can Children Reliably and Validly Self-Report Their Health-Related Quality of Life?: An Analysis of 8,591 Children across Age Subgroups with the PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krenz, U., Timmermann, D., Gorbunova, A., Lendt, M., Schmidt, S., and von Steinbuechel, N. (2021). Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Qualitative Comparison between Children\u2019s and Parents\u2019 Perspectives. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246514"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm059","article-title":"Evidence-Based Assessment in Pediatric Psychology: Measures of Psychosocial Adjustment and Psychopathology","volume":"33","author":"Holmbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1838","article-title":"Recommendations for the Use of Common Outcome Measures in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Research","volume":"29","author":"McCauley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsaa052","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life of Young People With and Without Chronic Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Pinquart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015268","article-title":"Neurocognitive Outcomes and Recovery after Pediatric TBI: Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature","volume":"23","author":"Babikian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-020-00332-y","article-title":"Emotional Aspects of Pediatric Post-Intensive Care Syndrome Following Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"14","author":"Bradbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/11.1.4","article-title":"Subjective Health Complaints in Adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Haugland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-008-9110-9","article-title":"Youth Life Satisfaction: A Review of the Literature","volume":"10","author":"Proctor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01630-4","article-title":"Mental Health and Well-Being from Childhood to Adulthood: Design, Methods and Results of the 11-Year Follow-up of the BELLA Study","volume":"30","author":"Otto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-1033-4","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Australian Adolescents: Gender and Age Comparison","volume":"24","author":"Meade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2016.1262268","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescents: Relations with Positive and Negative Psychological Dimensions","volume":"23","author":"Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Youth"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"87","article-title":"Quality of Life: Differences Related to Gender, Age, Socio-Economic Status and Health Status in Portugese Teens","volume":"2","author":"Gaspar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.09.002","article-title":"Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence","volume":"89","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2007.04.005","article-title":"Brief Report: Coping among Austrian Children and Adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Hampel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30232-7","article-title":"Case-Mix, Care Pathways, and Outcomes in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in CENTER-TBI: A European Prospective, Multicentre, Longitudinal, Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"AWMF (2022, March 11). Das Sch\u00e4del-Hirn-Trauma im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Available online: https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/leitlinien\/detail\/ll\/024-018.html."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.06.047","article-title":"Cross-National Variation of Gender Differences in Adolescent Subjective Health in Europe and North America","volume":"62","author":"Torsheim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)80004-4","article-title":"Male and Female Health Problems in General Practice: The Differential Impact of Social Position and Social Roles","volume":"40","author":"Kolk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00623-w","article-title":"Gendered Pathways of Internalizing Problems from Early Childhood to Adolescence and Associated Adolescent Outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Gutman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.06.014","article-title":"Young Adults\u2019 Perspectives on Health-Related Quality of Life after Paediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"62","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-200509000-00007","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescents and Young Adults 10 Years after Serious Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"28","author":"Horneman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andruszkow, H., Deniz, E., Urner, J., Probst, C., Gr\u00fcn, O., Lohse, R., Frink, M., Krettek, C., Zeckey, C., and Hildebrand, F. (2014). Physical and Psychological Long-Term Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adult Patients. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-26"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babikian, T. (2022). Contextual Considerations for the Increased Risk of Mental Health Problems Following Concussion in Youth. JAMA Netw. Open, 5.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1242"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.03.019","article-title":"Functional Limitations and Depression After Traumatic Brain Injury: Examination of the Temporal Relationship","volume":"89","author":"Pagulayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durbano, F. (2015). A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/59525"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fried, E., Balla, U., Catalogna, M., Kozer, E., Oren-Amit, A., Hadanny, A., and Efrati, S. (2022). Persistent Post-Concussive Syndrome in Children after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Is Prevalent and Vastly Underdiagnosed. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08302-0"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.01.018","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Health-Related Quality of Life After Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"87","author":"Pagulayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.11.035","article-title":"Assessment of Self-Selection Bias in a Pediatric Unilateral Hearing Loss Study","volume":"142","author":"Lieu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Weiss, A. (2024, February 15). Retraumatization and Social Sciences Research. Available online: https:\/\/files.osf.io\/v1\/resources\/rvksp\/providers\/osfstorage\/622b7ba346bf1002635939d5?action=download&direct&version=2."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/174701610900500302","article-title":"Ethical Considerations in Conducting Family Violence Research","volume":"5","author":"Berry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunitz, K., Holloway, I., Harzendorf, A., Greving, S., Zeldovich, M., Krenz, U., Timmermann, D., Koerte, I.K., Bonfert, M.V., and Berweck, S. (2023). Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Quantitative Comparison between Children\u2019s and Parents\u2019 Perspectives of the QOLIBRI-KID\/ADO Questionnaire. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237439"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2015.01.008","article-title":"Concordance of Child and Parent Reports of Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain or Non-Brain Injuries and in Uninjured Children: Longitudinal Evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Pieper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/4\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:24:00Z","timestamp":1760106240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/4\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children11040438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11040438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]}}}