{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:30:11Z","timestamp":1791819011811,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation (DFG)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fatal and nonfatal drowning are among the leading causes of death and lifelong severe neurological impairment among children and adolescents. This study aimed to complement research from Leipzig 1994\u20132008 to seek trends within risk factors, treatments, and outcomes throughout the last decade. We retrospectively investigated data of 47 inpatients aged 0\u201318 admitted to Leipzig University Department of Pediatrics who matched ICD-10 code T75.1 from 2008 to 2020 and compared them to a preceding study at the same institution. We also examined the prognostic value of parameters regarding the patients\u2019 outcomes. There were three median incidents per annum. The median age was 2.75 years; 76% of incidents happened in males. An accumulation was seen during the summer months and weekends. Most drowning incidents occurred in private ponds or pools (48.9%). Thirty-nine children were discharged without resulting morbidity, four showed neurological impairment, and three died. Risk factors concerning age, sex, and incident characteristics were confirmed. Special supervision needs still apply to 1\u20133-year-old male children or children with pre-existing health conditions around private pools and ponds. Hospitalization duration shortened, and morbidity and lethality decreased since the previous study. There was structural improvement in primary care and medical documentation. Parameters suggesting good outcomes include a submersion time &lt; 5 min, GCS &gt; 3 points, spontaneous movement upon admission, remaining pupillary light response, the absence of cardiovascular arrest, body temperature \u2265 32 \u00b0C, pH &gt; 7, blood glucose &lt; 15 mmol\/L, lactate &lt; 14 mmol\/L, base excess \u2265 \u221215 mmol\/L, and the absence of ARDS. Clear legislation can contribute to improved private home water safety. Further studies should include a broad in- and outpatient spectrum and standardized incident documentation presupposing Utstein-style reporting. Regular reinvestigation of consistent geographical regions facilitates process evaluations of drowning epidemiology and therapy evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1712571115000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Drowning and Nonfatal Drowning in Children and Adolescents: A Subsequent Retrospective Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Neuropediatrics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Siekmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Petzold-Quinque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Merkenschlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Neuropediatrics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). 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