{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:04:29Z","timestamp":1791497069502,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-hypotensive treatment, which includes dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, milrinone, vasopressin, terlipressin, levosimendan, and glucocorticoids, is a long-established intervention in neonates with arterial hypotension (AH). However, there are still gaps in knowledge and issues that need clarification. The main questions and challenges that neonatologists face relate to the reference ranges of arterial blood pressure in presumably healthy neonates in relation to gestational and postnatal age; the arterial blood pressure level that potentially affects perfusion of critical organs; the incorporation of targeted echocardiography and near-infrared spectroscopy for assessing heart function and cerebral perfusion in clinical practice; the indication, timing, and choice of medication for each individual patient; the limited randomized clinical trials in neonates with sometimes conflicting results; and the sparse data regarding the potential effect of early hypotension or anti-hypotensive medications on long-term neurodevelopment. In this review, after a short review of AH definitions used in neonates and existing data on pathophysiology of AH, we discuss currently available data on pharmacokinetic and hemodynamic effects, as well as the effectiveness and safety of anti-hypotensive medications in neonates. In addition, data on the comparisons between anti-hypotensive medications and current suggestions for the main indications of each medication are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11040490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T08:44:31Z","timestamp":1713516271000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An Update on Pharmacologic Management of Neonatal Hypotension: When, Why, and Which Medication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eleni","family":"Agakidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokrateion General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Chatziioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokrateion General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeliki","family":"Kontou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokrateion General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6770-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodora","family":"Stathopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokrateion General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Chotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosmas","family":"Sarafidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokrateion General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.03.006","article-title":"Low Systemic Blood Flow and Pathophysiology of the Preterm Transitional Circulation","volume":"81","author":"Kluckow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F241","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.124263","article-title":"Permissive Hypotension in the Extremely Low Birthweight Infant with Signs of Good Perfusion","volume":"94","author":"Dempsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F220","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314453","article-title":"Postnatal Cardiovascular Adaptation","volume":"104","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000898","article-title":"Norwegian Neonatal Network Inotropic Therapy in Newborns, A Population-Based National Registry Study","volume":"17","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.05.026","article-title":"Physiology of Low Blood Pressure During the First Day After Birth Among Extremely Preterm Neonates","volume":"236","author":"Deshpande","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3351","article-title":"Survival and Morbidity of Preterm Children Born at 22 through 34 Weeks\u2019 Gestation in France in 2011: Results of the EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study","volume":"169","author":"Ancel","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000116","article-title":"Discrepancies in the Normative Neonatal Blood Pressure Reference Ranges","volume":"20","author":"Lalan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Press. Monit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0916-9","article-title":"Normative Blood Pressure Data in Non-Ventilated Premature Neonates from 28\u201336 Weeks Gestation","volume":"24","author":"Kent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.02.010","article-title":"The Use of Cardiotonic Drugs in Neonates","volume":"46","author":"Dempsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.11.001","article-title":"Dopamine and Dobutamine Use in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Neonates in the Premier 2008 Database","volume":"33","author":"Lasky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-970178","article-title":"Blood Pressure during the First 7 Days in Premature Infants Born at Postmenstrual Age 23 to 25 Weeks","volume":"24","author":"Batton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.042","article-title":"Hypotension in Preterm Neonates: Low Blood Pressure Alone Does Not Affect Neurodevelopmental Outcome","volume":"164","author":"Alderliesten","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F201","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308899","article-title":"Early Blood Pressure, Antihypotensive Therapy and Outcomes at 18\u201322|Months\u2019 Corrected Age in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"101","author":"Batton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15344","article-title":"Randomised Trial of Dobutamine versus Placebo for Low Superior Vena Cava Flow in Preterm Infants: Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome","volume":"57","author":"Bravo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1904872","article-title":"Association of Inotrope Use with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants <29 Weeks Gestation: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Doucette","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subhedar, N.V., and Shaw, N.J. (2003). Dopamine versus Dobutamine for Hypotensive Preterm Infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001242.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001242"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12717.x","article-title":"The Association between Preterm Newborn Hypotension and Hypoxemia and Outcome during the First Year","volume":"82","author":"Low","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F321","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.183335","article-title":"Early Postnatal Hypotension and Developmental Delay at 24 Months of Age among Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns","volume":"96","author":"Logan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000180113","article-title":"Early Treated Hypotension and Outcome in Very Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"95","author":"Kuint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"498","article-title":"Blood Pressure Goals: Is Cerebral Saturation the New Mean Arterial Pressure?","volume":"41","author":"McKim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1159\/000460603","article-title":"What Should We Do about Low Blood Pressure in Preterm Infants","volume":"111","author":"Dempsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.7_Spec_No.868","article-title":"Report of Working Group of the British Association of Perinatal Medicine and Neonatal Nurses Association on Categories of Babies Requiring Neonatal Care","volume":"67","author":"Cooke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F388","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306483","article-title":"Short-Term Outcome of Very-Low-Birthweight Infants with Arterial Hypotension in the First 24\u2005h of Life","volume":"100","author":"Faust","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.01.031","article-title":"Clinical Monitoring of Systemic Hemodynamics in Critically Ill Newborns","volume":"86","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller, D., Baik-Schneditz, N., Schwaberger, B., Urlesberger, B., and Pichler, G. (2023). Insights into Neonatal Cerebral Autoregulation by Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10081304"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"CD011190","article-title":"Effects of Targeting Lower versus Higher Arterial Oxygen Saturations on Death or Disability in Preterm Infants","volume":"4","author":"Askie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207554","article-title":"Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"388","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkPediatriArs.2018.01801","article-title":"Neonatal Hemodynamics and Management of Hypotension in Newborns","volume":"53","author":"Dilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. Pediatri. Ars."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.21","article-title":"Cardiovascular Transition at Birth: A Physiological Sequence","volume":"77","author":"Hooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.12.005","article-title":"Hemodynamic Instability in the Critically Ill Neonate: An Approach to Cardiovascular Support Based on Disease Pathophysiology","volume":"40","author":"Giesinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1996.0284","article-title":"Ontogeny of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Protein Phosphorylation by Ca2+--Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00002","article-title":"Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Hemodynamic Instability in Neonatal Shock","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02545.x","article-title":"Inotropes in Preterm Infants--Evidence for and Against","volume":"101","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2009","article-title":"Regulation of the Pulmonary Circulation in the Fetus and Newborn","volume":"90","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648584","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.648584","article-title":"Objective Assessment of Physiologic Alterations Associated with Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Premature Neonates","volume":"9","author":"Patra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.154","article-title":"Phase 1 Study of Two Inodilators in Neonates Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":"73","author":"Pellicer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.200","article-title":"Regional Tissue Oxygenation in Preterm Born Infants in Association with Echocardiographically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus","volume":"31","author":"Petrova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-003-0452-0","article-title":"Myocardial Contractility in Premature Neonates with and without Patent Ductus Arteriosus","volume":"25","author":"Barlow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.01.035","article-title":"Changes in Myocardial Function and Hemodynamics after Ligation of the Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants","volume":"150","author":"Noori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.12.010","article-title":"Neonatal Blood Pressure Support: The Use of Inotropes, Lusitropes, and Other Vasopressor Agents","volume":"39","author":"Noori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312104","article-title":"Hemodynamic EPIPAGE 2 Study Group Abstention or Intervention for Isolated Hypotension in the First 3\u2005Days of Life in Extremely Preterm Infants: Association with Short-Term Outcomes in the EPIPAGE 2 Cohort Study","volume":"102","author":"Durrmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F119","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.021972","article-title":"Transient Adrenocortical Insufficiency of Prematurity and Systemic Hypotension in Very Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"89","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211211","article-title":"Prevalence of Low Cortisol Values in Term and Near-Term Infants with Vasopressor-Resistant Hypotension","volume":"25","author":"Fernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoki, M., Urakami, T., Nagano, N., Aoki, R., and Morioka, I. (2022). Association of Plasma Cortisol Levels with Gestational Age and Anthropometric Values at Birth in Preterm Infants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811448"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3158","article-title":"Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after Early Low-Dose Hydrocortisone Treatment in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"120","author":"Watterberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200011000-00013","article-title":"Adrenal Function in Sick Very Preterm Infants","volume":"48","author":"Huysman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01667-8","article-title":"Use of Vasopressors for Septic Shock in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","volume":"43","author":"Foote","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e579","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.17-10-e579","article-title":"Hypotension in Neonates","volume":"17","author":"Sahni","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2251-9","article-title":"International Survey on Diagnosis and Management of Hypotension in Extremely Preterm Babies","volume":"173","author":"Stranak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2020.05.010","article-title":"What Inotrope and Why?","volume":"47","author":"Phad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00086","article-title":"Treating Hypotension in Preterm Neonates with Vasoactive Medications","volume":"6","author":"Joynt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199312000-00009","article-title":"Effects of Low-Dose Dopamine Infusion on Cardiovascular and Renal Functions, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Plasma Catecholamine Levels in Sick Preterm Neonates","volume":"34","author":"Seri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248414559838","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy Update on the Use of Vasopressors and Inotropes in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"20","author":"Jentzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620917630","article-title":"Vasopressor and Inotrope Therapy in Cardiac Critical Care","volume":"36","author":"Jentzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0375-y","article-title":"Determinants of Neonatal Blood Pressure","volume":"15","author":"Kent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.1_Spec_No.59","article-title":"Response to Dobutamine and Dopamine in the Hypotensive Very Preterm Infant","volume":"69","author":"Tohier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70445-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular, Renal, and Endocrine Actions of Dopamine in Neonates and Children","volume":"126","author":"Seri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.120834","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Dobutamine versus Dopamine in Preterm Infants with Low Systemic Blood Flow","volume":"140","author":"Osborn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0673","article-title":"Early Systemic Hypotension and Vasopressor Support in Low Birth Weight Infants: Impact on Neurodevelopment","volume":"123","author":"Pellicer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3398","article-title":"Low Superior Vena Cava Flow and Effect of Inotropes on Neurodevelopment to 3 Years in Preterm Infants","volume":"120","author":"Osborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000525133","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Medications in Neonatal Hypotension","volume":"7","author":"Sarafidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Hub."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90016-X","article-title":"Hemodynamic Effects of Dobutamine in Children","volume":"43","author":"Driscoll","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1263-9","article-title":"A Literature Review of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dobutamine in Neonates","volume":"37","author":"Mahoney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14146","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dobutamine in Neonates on the First Days of Life","volume":"86","author":"Hallik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1396","article-title":"Cardiovascular Support for Low Birth Weight Infants and Cerebral Hemodynamics: A Randomized, Blinded, Clinical Trial","volume":"115","author":"Pellicer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1213","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2108","article-title":"Dopamine versus Epinephrine for Cardiovascular Support in Low Birth Weight Infants: Analysis of Systemic Effects and Neonatal Clinical Outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Valverde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"566","article-title":"Epinephrine Treatment of Hypotension in Very Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"91","author":"Heckmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14112","article-title":"Norepinephrine Infusion Improves Haemodynamics in the Preterm Infants during Septic Shock","volume":"107","author":"Rizk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04758-4","article-title":"Dopamine or Norepinephrine for Sepsis-Related Hypotension in Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"182","author":"Nissimov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16226","article-title":"Noradrenaline Use for Neonatal Circulatory Support","volume":"58","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2794-7","article-title":"Noradrenaline in Preterm Infants with Cardiovascular Compromise","volume":"175","author":"Rowcliff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00601.x","article-title":"Noradrenaline for Management of Septic Shock Refractory to Fluid Loading and Dopamine or Dobutamine in Full-Term Newborn Infants","volume":"97","author":"Tourneux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"104763","article-title":"Inotropic Support in Cardiogenic Shock: Who Leads the Battle, Milrinone or Dobutamine?","volume":"82","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597996","article-title":"Milrinone Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Neonates with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn","volume":"34","author":"Giaccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F204","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.092817","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Regimen Design of Milrinone in Preterm Infants","volume":"92","author":"Paradisis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000447049","article-title":"Dosing of Milrinone in Preterm Neonates to Prevent Postligation Cardiac Syndrome: Simulation Study Suggests Need for Bolus Infusion","volume":"111","author":"Hallik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.10.007","article-title":"Safety of Milrinone Use in Neonatal Intensive Care Units","volume":"91","author":"Raman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.12.027","article-title":"Vasopressin versus Dopamine for Treatment of Hypotension in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: A Randomized, Blinded Pilot Study","volume":"166","author":"Rios","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03519-1","article-title":"Utility of Low Dose Vasopressin for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn with Catecholamine Refractory Shock","volume":"88","author":"Khare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2011.03345.x","article-title":"Vasopressin Infusion Therapy for Refractory Hypotension in Extremely Low Birthweight Neonates","volume":"53","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2022.06.006","article-title":"Vasopressin Associated Hyponatremia in Critically Ill Children: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"30","author":"Alakeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2009.02967.x","article-title":"Low-Dose Vasopressin Infusion Therapy for Refractory Hypotension in ELBW Infants","volume":"52","author":"Ikegami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saadi, A., Sushko, K., Bui, V., van den Anker, J., Razak, A., and Samiee-Zafarghandy, S. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Vasopressin and Terlipressin in Preterm Neonates: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192113760"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-2009-0048","article-title":"Terlipressin as Rescue Therapy for Amine-Resistant Shock in Premature Infants: A Report on Two Cases","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neonatal-Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1757642","article-title":"Vasopressin for Refractory Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn in Preterm Neonates\u2014A Case Series","volume":"35","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181fe304c","article-title":"Rescue Treatment with Terlipressin in Different Scenarios of Refractory Hypotension in Newborns and Infants","volume":"12","author":"Filippi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-020-1972-x","article-title":"Rescue Treatment with Terlipressin for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension and Refractory Shock in a Preterm Infant","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.10.006","article-title":"Terlipressin as Rescue Therapy for Refractory Pulmonary Hypertension in a Neonate with a Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"46","author":"Stathopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"103","article-title":"Is There Any Role for Terlipressin in the Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant with Refractory Septic Shock?","volume":"1","author":"Bissolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neonatal Individ. Med. (JPNIM)"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000112521.93714.B8","article-title":"Terlipressin as Rescue Therapy for Intractable Hypotension during Neonatal Septic Shock","volume":"5","author":"Matok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200702000201","article-title":"The Role of Terlipressin in Pediatric Septic Shock: A Review of the Literature and Personal Experience","volume":"20","author":"Papoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2021.1905520","article-title":"An Update on Levosimendan in Acute Cardiac Care: Applications and Recommendations for Optimal Efficacy and Safety","volume":"19","author":"Heringlake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2564-6","article-title":"Levosimendan Infusion in Newborns after Corrective Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Ricci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00385-X","article-title":"Inotropic Effects of OR-1896, an Active Metabolite of Levosimendan, on Canine Ventricular Myocardium","volume":"400","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1070","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Hydrocortisone in Preterm Infants with Pressor-Resistant Hypotension","volume":"107","author":"Seri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2020.05.015","article-title":"Corticosteroids for Neonatal Hypotension","volume":"47","author":"Kumbhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.04.008","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Study of Low-Dose Hydrocortisone Versus Placebo in Dopamine-Treated Hypotensive Neonates Undergoing Hypothermia Treatment for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"211","author":"Kovacs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0869","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study of a \u201cStress Dose\u201d of Hydrocortisone for Rescue Treatment of Refractory Hypotension in Preterm Infants","volume":"117","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09851-4","article-title":"Where Is Dopamine and How Do Immune Cells See It? Dopamine-Mediated Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Matt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.122.000618","article-title":"Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease","volume":"75","author":"Channer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200104000-00005","article-title":"Controversies in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypotension in the Newborn Infant","volume":"13","author":"Seri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.06.009","article-title":"Trends in Pharmacotherapy for Neonatal Hypotension","volume":"165","author":"Rios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199108000-00006","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Dopamine in Infants and Children","volume":"19","author":"Eldadah","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80176-2","article-title":"Dopamine Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Newborn Infants","volume":"110","author":"Padbury","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00279976","article-title":"Dopamine Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Newborn Infants","volume":"40","author":"Nahata","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F213","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.071829","article-title":"Which Inotrope for Which Baby?","volume":"91","author":"Evans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.2","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Dopamine Use in Hypotensive Preterm Infants: Blood Pressure and Cerebral Hemodynamics","volume":"31","author":"Friedlich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F99","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.81.2.F99","article-title":"Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Increase Induced by Dopamine in Hypotensive Preterm Neonates","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317123","article-title":"Evaluation of the Causal Effects between Dopamine Infusion Changeover and Fluctuations in Mean Arterial Pressure in Neonates","volume":"105","author":"Kirupakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12817","article-title":"Dopamine Therapy Is Associated with Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation in Preterm Infants","volume":"103","author":"Eriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F117","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301488","article-title":"Treatment of Presumed Hypotension in Very Low Birthweight Neonates: Effects on Regional Cerebral Oxygenation","volume":"98","author":"Garner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1602-5","article-title":"Dopamine Therapy Promotes Cerebral Flow-Metabolism Coupling in Preterm Infants","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.05.037","article-title":"Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Dobutamine for Low Superior Vena Cava Flow in Infants","volume":"167","author":"Bravo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.4.425","article-title":"Dopamine Use Is an Indicator for the Development of Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"83","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199305000-00010","article-title":"Dobutamine Infusions in Stable, Critically Ill Children: Pharmacokinetics and Hemodynamic Actions","volume":"21","author":"Berg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F367","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.098566","article-title":"Dopamine versus Dobutamine in Very Low Birthweight Infants: Endocrine Effects","volume":"92","author":"Filippi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442069","article-title":"Hemodynamic Effects of Dobutamine in Children with Cardiovascular Failure","volume":"139","author":"Schranz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine and isoproterenol on systemic hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in children after open heart surgery","volume":"40","author":"Sakata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kokyu Junkan"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e318030d1e1","article-title":"Left Ventricular Contractility in Extremely Premature Infants in the First Day and Response to Inotropes","volume":"61","author":"Osborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.06.005","article-title":"Cardiovascular Impact of Dobutamine in Neonates with Myocardial Dysfunction","volume":"83","author":"Pulzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-1009-0","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Study (Phase I\u2013II) of a New Dobutamine Formulation in Preterm Infants Immediately after Birth","volume":"89","author":"Pellicer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.99110","article-title":"Norepinephrine Supplemented with Dobutamine or Epinephrine for the Cardiovascular Support of Patients with Septic Shock","volume":"16","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211174","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Epinephrine Infusion in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","volume":"24","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199301000-00021","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Exogenous Epinephrine in Critically Ill Children","volume":"21","author":"Fisher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R23","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13707","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Epinephrine to Prevent Post-Operative Low Cardiac Output Syndrome in Children","volume":"18","author":"Oualha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"51","article-title":"Efficacy of Low-Dose Epinephrine Continuous Infusion in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00088","article-title":"Inotropes for Preterm Infants: 50\u2009Years on Are We Any Wiser?","volume":"6","author":"Garvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fage, N., Asfar, P., Radermacher, P., and Demiselle, J. (2023). Norepinephrine and Vasopressin in Hemorrhagic Shock: A Focus on Renal Hemodynamics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044103"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04437-4","article-title":"The Effect of Norepinephrine on Clinical and Hemodynamic Parameters in Neonates with Shock: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"181","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001804","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001804","article-title":"Use of Norepinephrine in Preterm Neonates with Dopamine-Resistant Shock: A Retrospective Single-Centre Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0815","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000815","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Norepinephrine Plus Dobutamine Versus Epinephrine as First-Line Vasoactive Agents in Children with Fluid Refractory Cold Septic Shock","volume":"5","author":"Banothu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.03.007","article-title":"Pulmonary Circulatory Effects of Norepinephrine in Newborn Infants with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"153","author":"Tourneux","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002255","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016","volume":"45","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Na, S.J., Yang, J.H., Ko, R.-E., Chung, C.R., Cho, Y.H., Choi, K.H., Kim, D., Park, T.K., Lee, J.M., and Song, Y.B. (2022). Dopamine versus Norepinephrine as the First-Line Vasopressor in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277087"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795468221075064","DOI":"10.1177\/11795468221075064","article-title":"A Clinical Update on Vasoactive Medication in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock","volume":"16","author":"Shankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1177720","article-title":"Milrinone Use for Hemodynamic Instability in Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation","volume":"30","author":"Halliday","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"e232","article-title":"Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2007.08.009","article-title":"Effects of Milrinone on Contractility and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Production Induced by Beta1- and Beta2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation in Human Myocardium","volume":"29","author":"Carceles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000165","article-title":"Milrinone Dosing and a Culture of Caution in Clinical Practice","volume":"26","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000051365.81920.28","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Milrinone in Preventing Low Cardiac Output Syndrome in Infants and Children after Corrective Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"107","author":"Hoffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000088192","article-title":"Neonatal Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Treated with Milrinone: Four Case Reports","volume":"89","author":"Bassler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31824ea2cd","article-title":"Pharmacology of Milrinone in Neonates with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn and Suboptimal Response to Inhaled Nitric Oxide","volume":"14","author":"McNamara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.208","article-title":"Treatment of Premature Infants with Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Dysfunction with Milrinone: A Case Series","volume":"35","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1296-2","article-title":"Use of Milrinone in the Management of Haemodynamic Instability Following Duct Ligation","volume":"170","author":"Sehgal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.07.059","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Milrinone versus Placebo for Prevention of Low Systemic Blood Flow in Very Preterm Infants","volume":"154","author":"Paradisis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.09.027","article-title":"Use of Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography to Prevent Postoperative Cardiorespiratory Instability after Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation","volume":"160","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.03.048","article-title":"Assessment and Treatment of Post Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation Syndrome","volume":"165","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkhardt, B.E.U., R\u00fccker, G., and Stiller, B. (2015). Prophylactic Milrinone for the Prevention of Low Cardiac Output Syndrome and Mortality in Children Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD009515.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009515.pub2"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001533","article-title":"Prevention of Low Cardiac Output Syndrome After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Pilot Study Comparing Dobutamine and Milrinone","volume":"19","author":"Hug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182455571","article-title":"Levosimendan versus Milrinone in Neonates and Infants after Corrective Open-Heart Surgery: A Pilot Study","volume":"13","author":"Lechner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2021.170555","article-title":"Arginine Vasopressin: Direct and Indirect Action on Metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000194","article-title":"Rethinking Vasopressin: New Insights into Vasopressin Signaling and Its Implications","volume":"4","author":"Watts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200609000-00026","article-title":"The Vasopressin System: Physiology and Clinical Strategies","volume":"105","author":"Treschan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12645","article-title":"Vasopressin: Physiology, Assessment and Osmosensation","volume":"282","author":"Bankir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2008.02.007","article-title":"Vasopressin Analogues in the Treatment of Shock States: Potential Pitfalls","volume":"22","author":"Ertmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/357336a0","article-title":"Cloning and Characterization of a Vasopressin V2 Receptor and Possible Link to Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"357","author":"Lolait","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.03.059","article-title":"Vasopressin Improves Hemodynamic Status in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"165","author":"Acker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivanna, B., Rios, D., Rossano, J., Fernandes, C.J., and Pammi, M. (2013). Vasopressin and Its Analogues for the Treatment of Refractory Hypotension in Neonates. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD009171.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009171.pub2"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03877.x","article-title":"Vasopressin and Terlipressin: Pharmacology and Its Clinical Relevance","volume":"59","author":"Kam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31822f1753","article-title":"Early Initiation of Arginine Vasopressin Infusion in Neonates after Complex Cardiac Surgery","volume":"13","author":"Alten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"430","article-title":"Use of Vasopressin in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients with Hypotension","volume":"22","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000600","article-title":"Dosing of Vasopressin in Critically Ill Children: Implications for Medication Safety","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R71","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4917","article-title":"Arginine-Vasopressin in Catecholamine-Refractory Septic versus Non-Septic Shock in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants with Acute Renal Injury","volume":"10","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X221102289","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X221102289","article-title":"Use of Vasopressin in Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: A Case Series","volume":"10","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319705","article-title":"Management of Systemic Hypotension in Term Infants with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: An Illustrated Review","volume":"106","author":"Siefkes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S., Dhalait, S., Fursule, A., Khandare, J., and Kaul, A. (2022). Use of Vasopressin as Rescue Therapy in Refractory Hypoxia and Refractory Systemic Hypotension in Term Neonates with Severe Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension-A Prospective Observational Study. Am. J. Perinatol.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1969-1119"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104728","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1104728","article-title":"Early Vasopressin Infusion Improves Oxygenation in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"11","author":"Capolupo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouellet, S., Drolet, C., Morissette, G., Pellerin, A., and H\u00e9bert, A. (2024). Vasopressin in Newborns with Refractory Acute Pulmonary Hypertension. Pediatr. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02995-3"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"307","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Terlipressin after Single i.v. Doses to Healthy Volunteers","volume":"16","author":"Nilsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2020.04.019","article-title":"Terlipressin in the Treatment of Neonatal Refractory Hypotension Caused by Septic Shock: A Case Report","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1589-6","article-title":"Role of Vasopressin and Terlipressin in Refractory Shock Compared to Conventional Therapy in the Neonatal and Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Masarwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R20","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3984","article-title":"Rescue Treatment with Terlipressin in Children with Refractory Septic Shock: A Clinical Study","volume":"10","author":"Rey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000112366.62864.BD","article-title":"Terlipressin Bolus Induces Systemic Vasoconstriction in Septic Shock","volume":"5","author":"Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000251127.45385.CD","article-title":"Vasopressin: Mechanisms of Action on the Vasculature in Health and in Septic Shock","volume":"35","author":"Barrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000121301.62216.0D","article-title":"A Long-Acting Vasopressin Analog for Septic Shock: Brilliant Idea or Dangerous Folly?","volume":"5","author":"Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.07.022","article-title":"Levosimendan: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: Consensus of Experts on the Mechanisms of Action of Levosimendan","volume":"159","author":"Papp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., Yang, Y.-M., Zhu, J.-Y., and Lu, Y.-Q. (2019). Multiorgan Drug Action of Levosimendan in Critical Illnesses. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9731467"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2003.02043.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Levosimendan and Its Circulating Metabolites in Patients with Heart Failure after an Extended Continuous Infusion of Levosimendan","volume":"57","author":"Antila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of Calcium Sensitizer OR-1986 on a Cardiovascular Mortality and Myocardial Remodelling in Hypertensive Dahl\/Rapp Rats","volume":"60","author":"Louhelainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000043245.00859.11","article-title":"Sustained Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Levosimendan","volume":"107","author":"Kivikko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01199-y","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Levosimendan and Its Metabolites in Critically Ill Neonates and Children Supported or Not by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation","volume":"62","author":"Bourgoin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000314955","article-title":"Acute Effects of Levosimendan on Cerebral and Systemic Perfusion and Oxygenation in Newborns: An Observational Study","volume":"99","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2010.07.004","article-title":"Levosimendan in Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"25","author":"Momeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04971-9","article-title":"Evaluation of Levosimendan as Treatment Option in a Large Case-Series of Preterm Infants with Cardiac Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"182","author":"Schroeder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivt297","article-title":"Is Levosimendan Effective in Paediatric Heart Failure and Post-Cardiac Surgeries?","volume":"17","author":"Angadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"CD011312","article-title":"Prophylactic Levosimendan for the Prevention of Low Cardiac Output Syndrome and Mortality in Paediatric Patients Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"3","author":"Hummel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.010","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Ante- and Postnatal Clinical Characteristics of Extremely Premature Neonates Suffering from Refractory and Non-Refractory Hypotension: Is Early Clinical Differentiation Possible?","volume":"113","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000088289","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates with Refractory Hypotension","volume":"89","author":"Noori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.04.005","article-title":"Hydrocortisone Dosing for Hypotension in Newborn Infants: Less Is More","volume":"174","author":"Watterberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.24","article-title":"Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in the Preterm and Term Infant","volume":"29","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0497-9","article-title":"Postnatal Relative Adrenal Insufficiency Results in Methylation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene in Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"Kantake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2017.04.007","article-title":"A Polymorphism in the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Is Associated with Refractory Hypotension in Premature Infants","volume":"59","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000152","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Unbound Hydrocortisone in Critically Ill Neonates and Infants with Vasopressor-Resistant Hypotension","volume":"15","author":"Vezina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.04.035","article-title":"Steroid Supplementation: A Legitimate Pharmacotherapy after Neonatal Open Heart Surgery","volume":"80","author":"Ando","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002425","article-title":"American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock","volume":"45","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"CD003662","article-title":"Corticosteroids for Treating Hypotension in Preterm Infants","volume":"2011","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0661","article-title":"Hemodynamic Changes after Low-Dosage Hydrocortisone Administration in Vasopressor-Treated Preterm and Term Neonates","volume":"118","author":"Noori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.126","article-title":"Hydrocortisone for Hypotension and Vasopressor Dependence in Preterm Neonates: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Higgins","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179556519888918","DOI":"10.1177\/1179556519888918","article-title":"Hydrocortisone Improves Oxygenation Index and Systolic Blood Pressure in Term Infants with Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Alsaleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"CD001146","article-title":"Early (<7 Days) Systemic Postnatal Corticosteroids for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants","volume":"10","author":"Doyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1354","article-title":"Postnatal Dexamethasone Therapy and Cerebral Tissue Volumes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"119","author":"Parikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05319-z","article-title":"Neurodevelopment at 24 Months Corrected Age in Extremely Preterm Infants Treated with Dexamethasone Alternatives during the Late Postnatal Period: A Cohort Study","volume":"183","author":"Melan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2692","article-title":"Association Between Early Low-Dose Hydrocortisone Therapy in Extremely Preterm Neonates and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years of Age","volume":"317","author":"Baud","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"CD001146","article-title":"Early (<8 Days) Systemic Postnatal Corticosteroids for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants","volume":"10","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.09.017","article-title":"Blood Pressure, Anti-Hypotensive Therapy, and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"154","author":"Batton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(89)90120-5","article-title":"Blood Pressure and Cerebral Haemorrhage and Ischaemia in Very Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"19","author":"Watkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2006.04.006","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Hypotension in ELBW Infants","volume":"30","author":"Fanaroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.03.020","article-title":"Regional Microstructural Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Is Affected by Preterm Birth","volume":"18","author":"Jacobs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80409-X","article-title":"The Cardiovascular Effects of Dopamine in the Severely Asphyxiated Neonate","volume":"99","author":"DiSessa","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07653-x","article-title":"Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring versus Usual Care for Extremely Preterm Infants: A Study Protocol for the 2-Year Follow-up of the SafeBoosC-III Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"24","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3195-x","article-title":"Epinephrine versus Dopamine in Neonatal Septic Shock: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"177","author":"Baske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14463","article-title":"No Neurodevelopmental Benefit of Cerebral Oximetry in the First Randomised Trial (SafeBoosC II) in Preterm Infants during the First Days of Life","volume":"108","author":"Plomgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.03.009","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Preterm Transitional Circulatory Compromise","volume":"81","author":"Osborn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2174\/187152512799201145","article-title":"What Is the Evidence for the Use of Adrenaline in the Treatment of Neonatal Hypotension?","volume":"10","author":"Mahoney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31823778ee","article-title":"Dopamine versus Norepinephrine in the Treatment of Septic Shock: A Meta-Analysis*","volume":"40","author":"Aldecoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067373","article-title":"Vasopressin versus Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock","volume":"358","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066610396312","article-title":"Norepinephrine or Dopamine for Septic Shock: Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"27","author":"Vasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03204-x","article-title":"Timing of Norepinephrine Initiation in Patients with Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.10.003","article-title":"Early Use of Norepinephrine Improves Survival in Septic Shock: Earlier than Early","volume":"50","author":"Elbouhy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avni, T., Lador, A., Lev, S., Leibovici, L., Paul, M., and Grossman, A. (2015). Vasopressors for the Treatment of Septic Shock: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129305"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15606","article-title":"Progression from Sepsis to Septic Shock and Time to Treatments in Preterm Infants with Late-Onset Sepsis","volume":"57","author":"Gorantiwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2427-4","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Vasoactive Medications in Patients with Septic Shock: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2009.04.013","article-title":"Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Sildenafil Citrate in Congestive Heart Failure: Comparison of Phosphodiesterase Type-3 and -5 Inhibition","volume":"28","author":"Botha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01719-z","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: The Time Is Now","volume":"44","author":"Beam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01392-8","article-title":"Predicting Clinical Outcomes Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review","volume":"42","author":"McAdams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02964-w","article-title":"Predicting the Effectiveness of Drugs Used for Treating Cardiovascular Conditions in Newborn Infants","volume":"95","author":"Bravo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.3_Spec_No.284","article-title":"Randomised Controlled Trial of Plasma Protein Fraction versus Dopamine in Hypotensive Very Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"69","author":"Gill","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70137-7","article-title":"Randomized, Blind Trial of Dopamine versus Dobutamine for Treatment of Hypotension in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Klarr","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F174","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.76.3.F174","article-title":"Randomised Trial of Dopamine Compared with Hydrocortisone for the Treatment of Hypotensive Very Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"76","author":"Bourchier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paradisis, M., and Osborn, D.A. (2004). Adrenaline for Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality in Preterm Infants with Cardiovascular Compromise. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003958.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003958.pub2"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70284-2","article-title":"Single-Dose Dexamethasone Treatment of Hypotension in Preterm Infants","volume":"134","author":"Gaissmaier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v5.i2.212","article-title":"Should Dopamine Be the First Line Inotrope in the Treatment of Neonatal Hypotension? Review of the Evidence","volume":"5","author":"Bhayat","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198911000-00013","article-title":"Response to Dopamine and Dobutamine in the Preterm Infant Less than 30 Weeks Gestation","volume":"17","author":"Whitelaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0768-x","article-title":"The Efficacy of Dopamine versus Epinephrine for Pediatric or Neonatal Septic Shock: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies","volume":"46","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_160_19","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Levosimendan vs Milrinone in Preventing Low Cardiac Output Syndrome Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery","volume":"24","author":"Jothinath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Card. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2704-2","article-title":"Prophylactic Use of Levosimendan in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1138","article-title":"Factors Associated with Treatment for Hypotension in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns during the First Postnatal Week","volume":"119","author":"Laughon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371703","article-title":"Inotrope Use among Extremely Preterm Infants in Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Variation and Outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1865","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2779","article-title":"Use of Antihypotensive Therapies in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"131","author":"Batton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01483-w","article-title":"Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Autoregulation during Hypotension in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"90","author":"Thewissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5725","article-title":"Association Between Oxygen Saturation Targeting and Death or Disability in Extremely Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-Analysis Collaboration","volume":"319","author":"Askie","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747660","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.747660","article-title":"Cerebral Oximetry in Preterm Infants-To Use or Not to Use, That Is the Question","volume":"9","author":"Greisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, E., Healy, D.B., Chioma, R., and Dempsey, E.M. (2023). Evaluation of the Hypotensive Preterm Infant: Evidence-Based Practice at the Bedside?. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030519"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3258-y","article-title":"Cerebral Regional Tissue Oxygen Saturation to Guide Oxygen Delivery in Preterm Neonates during Immediate Transition after Birth (COSGOD III): An Investigator-Initiated, Randomized, Multi-Center, Multi-National, Clinical Trial on Additional Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation Monitoring Combined with Defined Treatment Guidelines versus Standard Monitoring and Treatment as Usual in Premature Infants during Immediate Transition: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Pichler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, P.T., Pellicer, A., Schwarz, C.E., Neunhoeffer, F., Schuhmann, M.U., Breindahl, M., Fumagelli, M., Mintzer, J., de Boode, W., and ESPR Special Interest Group \u201cNear InfraRed Spectroscopy\u201d (NIRS) (Pediatr. Res., 2021). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Perioperative Assessment and Neonatal Interventions, Pediatr. Res.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01791-1"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320241","article-title":"Hypotension in Preterm Infants (HIP) Randomised Trial","volume":"106","author":"Dempsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.01.014","article-title":"Feasibility Study of Early Blood Pressure Management in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"161","author":"Batton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.131","article-title":"Barriers to Enrollment in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Hydrocortisone for Cardiovascular Insufficiency in Term and Late Preterm Newborn Infants","volume":"37","author":"Watterberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.03.005","article-title":"Evidence-Based versus Pathophysiology-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Cardiovascular Compromise","volume":"20","author":"Noori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2398-z","article-title":"Successful Private-Public Funding of Paediatric Medicines Research: Lessons from the EU Programme to Fund Research into off-Patent Medicines","volume":"174","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2174\/1574886313666180619120406","article-title":"Off-Label Use of Drugs and Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Units: A Prospective, Multicenter Study","volume":"13","author":"Pratico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug. Saf."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.79","article-title":"Survey of Unlicensed and off Label Drug Use in Paediatric Wards in European Countries. European Network for Drug Investigation in Children","volume":"320","author":"Conroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_253","unstructured":"Regulation (EC) No 1901\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on Medicinal Products for Paediatric Use and Amending Regulation (EEC) No 1768\/92, Directive 2001\/20\/EC, Directive 2001\/83\/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726\/2004 (Text with EEA Relevance)."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15357","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics May Explain Part of the Interindividual Variability of Dobutamine Pharmacodynamics in Neonates","volume":"88","author":"Hallik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101121","article-title":"Management of Neonatal Hypotension and Shock","volume":"25","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-2756(03)00117-9","article-title":"Treatment of Hypotension in Newborns","volume":"8","author":"Subhedar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Neonatol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/4\/490\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:31:03Z","timestamp":1760106663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/4\/490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":256,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children11040490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11040490","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}