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The primary aim was to collect information on ACEs, PTSD, CPTSD, and attachment styles among adolescents living in different countries. It was found that exposure to 2\u20133 ACEs and exposure to 4\u20135 ACEs were significantly associated with PTSD diagnosis, while exposure to sexual abuse, bullying, threats of violence, and near-drowning were significantly related to CPTSD diagnosis. Fearful attachment style was significantly associated with PTSD diagnosis. The results propose that biological, psychological, and social issues interact and contribute to the differential prevalence of ACE, attachment styles, and PTSD\/CPTSD. This study underscores the importance of addressing childhood-averse and traumatic experiences as a public health priority in Uganda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11050517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T05:13:41Z","timestamp":1714108421000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Independent and Cumulative Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on PTSD and CPTSD a Study in Ugandan Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Ferraj\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Europeia, Quinta do Bom Nome, Estrada da Correia 53, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CIDESD\u2014Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4256-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Frias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Europeia, Quinta do Bom Nome, Estrada da Correia 53, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ask","family":"Elklit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104641","article-title":"Trends in Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in the United States","volume":"108","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child. 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