{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:26Z","timestamp":1787027846139,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG 1428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG 1428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A good cognitive status predicts academic, professional, and health outcomes. However, longitudinal data regarding the associations of body fatness, physical fitness, and cognition are relatively scarce and mixed. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether body fatness, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) in preschool are associated with cognitive skills in the first grade of school. A total of 133 South Estonian children whose age was 6\u20137 years were recruited from 13 kindergartens and again at 7\u20138 years after they had entered school. Body fat percentage (BF%), CRF, MF as the mean of z-scores of relative upper-limb strength, standing long jump results, and cognitive skills (verbal, conceptual, and perceptual) were studied. There were no associations between BF% and CRF in preschool with perceptual, conceptual, or verbal skills in school in boys and girls. In boys, a higher MF in preschool was associated with higher verbal skills (\u03b2 = 0.293, p = 0.021) in school after adjustment for confounders. Cognitive skills at baseline seemed to be frequently associated with cognitive performance in school. In conclusion, higher MF in preschool was associated with better verbal skills in the first grade of school in boys but not in girls. Body fatness and cardiorespiratory fitness in preschool were not associated with cognitive skills in school.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11050526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:59:39Z","timestamp":1714553979000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Longitudinal Associations of Body Fatness and Physical Fitness with Cognitive Skills in Preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirkke","family":"Reisberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9329-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Riso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liina","family":"Anim\u00e4gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4819-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaak","family":"J\u00fcrim\u00e4e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, March 28). 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