{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:41:41Z","timestamp":1773207701711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-15-00454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-15-00454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2022-294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["22-15-00454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-15-00454"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-294"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain injury resulting from adverse events during pregnancy and delivery is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and disability. Surviving neonates often suffer long-term motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments. Birth asphyxia is among the most common causes of neonatal encephalopathy. The integration of ultrasound, including Doppler ultrasound, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a promising approach to understanding the pathology and diagnosis of encephalopathy in this special patient population. Ultrasound diagnosis can be very helpful for the assessment of structural abnormalities associated with neonatal encephalopathy such as alterations in brain structures (intraventricular hemorrhage, infarcts, hydrocephalus, white matter injury) and evaluation of morphologic changes. Doppler sonography is the most valuable method as it provides information about blood flow patterns and outcome prediction. NIRS provides valuable insight into the functional aspects of brain activity by measuring tissue oxygenation and blood flow. The combination of ultrasonography and NIRS may produce complementary information on structural and functional aspects of the brain. This review summarizes the current state of research, discusses advantages and limitations, and explores future directions to improve applicability and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11050591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1715677177000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultrasound Diagnosis and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Encephalopathy in Neonates Born under Asphyxia: Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Simeon N.","family":"Lavrentev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Budgetary Institution, Moscow Regional Perinatal Center, 143912 Balashikha, Russia"},{"name":"Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region, 115093 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia S.","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Budgetary Institution, Moscow Regional Perinatal Center, 143912 Balashikha, Russia"},{"name":"Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region, 115093 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga F.","family":"Serova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Budgetary Institution, Moscow Regional Perinatal Center, 143912 Balashikha, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Vishnyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxim V.","family":"Kondratev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Budgetary Institution, Moscow Regional Perinatal Center, 143912 Balashikha, Russia"},{"name":"Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region, 115093 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia S.","family":"Gryzunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Budgetary Institution, Moscow Regional Perinatal Center, 143912 Balashikha, Russia"},{"name":"Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region, 115093 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina I.","family":"Zakharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region, 115093 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor V.","family":"Zubkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Clinical Institute of Childhood of the Moscow Region, 115093 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0581-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis N.","family":"Silachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.206","article-title":"Intrapartum-Related Neonatal Encephalopathy Incidence and Impairment at Regional and Global Levels for 2010 with Trends from 1990","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00142","article-title":"Neonatal Encephalopathy: Need for Recognition of Multiple Etiologies for Optimal Management","volume":"7","author":"Aslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041996","article-title":"Neonatal Brain Injury","volume":"351","author":"Ferriero","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2021.101272","article-title":"Neonatal Encephalopathy: Etiologies Other than Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199412000-00003","article-title":"Delayed (\u201cSecondary\u201d) Cerebral Energy Failure after Acute Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Newborn Piglet: Continuous 48-Hour Studies by Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"Lorek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0547-9","article-title":"A 20 Years Conundrum of Neonatal Encephalopathy and Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Are We Closer to a Consensus Guideline?","volume":"86","author":"Chalak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318223f38d","article-title":"Neonatal Encephalopathy or Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy? Appropriate Terminology Matters","volume":"70","author":"Dammann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Executive Summary: Neonatal Encephalopathy and Neurologic Outcome, Second Edition. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy. Obstet. Gynecol., 123, 896\u2013901.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000445580.65983.d2"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01521-7","article-title":"Neuroplacentology in Congenital Heart Disease: Placental Connections to Neurodevelopmental Outcomes","volume":"91","author":"Leon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, D.J., and Polizzano, C. (2021). Atlas of Placental Pathology, American Registry of Pathology.","DOI":"10.55418\/9781933477091"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.072","article-title":"Placental Pathology Is Associated with Severity of Neonatal Encephalopathy and Adverse Developmental Outcomes Following Hypothermia","volume":"213","author":"Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschel, J., Barcos-Munoz, F., Chalard, F., Chiodini, F., Epiney, M., Fluss, J., and Rougemont, A.-L. (2024). Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke: How Informative Is the Placenta?. Virchows Arch., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-03780-1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F257","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.047985","article-title":"Prevalence, Causes, and Outcome at 2 Years of Age of Newborn Encephalopathy: Population Based Study","volume":"90","author":"Pierrat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01308-3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Review of the Past and a View on the Future","volume":"120","author":"Greco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-23-253","article-title":"A Narrative Review on Treatment Strategies for Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"Korf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2020.04.020","article-title":"Incidence, Intrapartum Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Among Infants Born at 35 Weeks Gestation or More","volume":"42","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01356-y","article-title":"Association of Perinatal Sentinel Events, Placental Pathology and Cerebral MRI in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia","volume":"42","author":"Hellwig","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012","article-title":"Neonatal Encephalopathy Following Fetal Distress. A Clinical and Electroencephalographic Study","volume":"33","author":"Sarnat","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16133","article-title":"Profile of Minor Neurological Findings after Perinatal Asphyxia","volume":"111","author":"Tuiskula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04030","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04030","article-title":"Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonatal Hypoxic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mathew","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"SC16","article-title":"To Study the Correlation of Thompson Scoring in Predicting Early Neonatal Outcome in Post Asphyxiated Term Neonates","volume":"10","author":"Bhagwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCDR"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00264-3","article-title":"Hypothermia for Moderate or Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (HE-LIX): A Randomised Controlled Trial in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Thayyil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1986.tb08656.x","article-title":"Doppler Ultrasound Assessment of Cerebral Blood Flow in the Human Fetus","volume":"93","author":"Wladimiroff","year":"1986","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(94)90147-3","article-title":"Early Postnatal Cerebral Doppler Changes in Relation to Birth Weight","volume":"37","author":"Cheung","year":"1994","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.12.008","article-title":"Transitional Changes in Cardiac and Cerebral Hemodynamics in Term Neonates at Birth","volume":"160","author":"Noori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12714","article-title":"Molecular and Mechanical Factors Contributing to Ductus Arteriosus Patency and Closure","volume":"14","author":"Crockett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.10.013","article-title":"Regional Changes in Brain Perfusion during Brain Maturation Measured Non-Invasively with Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in Neonates","volume":"82","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F110","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.81.2.F110","article-title":"Abnormal Cerebral Haemodynamics in Perinatally Asphyxiated Neonates Related to Outcome","volume":"81","author":"Meek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1159\/000522314","article-title":"The Utility of Cerebral Autoregulation Indices in Detecting Severe Brain Injury Varies by Cooling Treatment Phase in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000452833","article-title":"Optimizing Cerebral Autoregulation May Decrease Neonatal Regional Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00353.2015","article-title":"Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation and Brain Injury in Newborns with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated with Hypothermia","volume":"114","author":"Massaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2018.02.004","article-title":"Cerebral Autoregulation and Conventional and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"82","author":"Carrasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.112","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow after Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest in Immature Rats","volume":"29","author":"Manole","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"12177","article-title":"Different Extent of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage in Newborn Rats: Histopathology, Hemodynamic, Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification and Neurobehavioral Observation","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.2.239","article-title":"Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow after Asphyxia in Neonatal Lambs","volume":"19","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198608000-00016","article-title":"Cerebral Blood Flow and O2 Metabolism after Asphyxia in Neonatal Lambs","volume":"20","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1917","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1989.257.6.H1917","article-title":"Effects of Ischemia on Brain Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption of Newborn Pigs","volume":"257","author":"Leffler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2015.02.009","article-title":"Cerebral Blood Volume Measurement Using Near-infrared Time-resolved Spectroscopy and Histopathological Evaluation after Hypoxic-ischemic Insult in Newborn Piglets","volume":"42","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.067","article-title":"Hemodynamic Changes During Rewarming Phase of Whole-Body Hypothermia Therapy in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"197","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-015-0387-9","article-title":"Increased Brain Perfusion Persists over the First Month of Life in Term Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Hypothermia: Does It Reflect Activated Angiogenesis?","volume":"6","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3352-1","article-title":"Arterial Spin-Labelling Perfusion MRI and Outcome in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"Hendrikse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2708","article-title":"Brain Perfusion in Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia","volume":"32","author":"Wintermark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0620E","article-title":"Summary Proceedings from the Neurology Group on Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"117","author":"Perlman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631258","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.631258","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Cerebral Hyperperfusion in Term Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review for Future Research","volume":"9","author":"Kleuskens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00393","article-title":"Cerebral Near Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring in Term Infants With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy-A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60837-5","article-title":"Induced Hypothermia and Fever Control for Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Injuries","volume":"371","author":"Polderman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F36","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.184291","article-title":"Early versus Late MRI in Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Hypothermia","volume":"96","author":"Wintermark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.166983","article-title":"Fetal Cerebral Blood Flow, Electrocorticographic Activity, and Oxygenation: Responses to Acute Hypoxia","volume":"587","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80555-0","article-title":"Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Term Neonates: Perinatal Factors and Outcome","volume":"98","author":"Finer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90718-X","article-title":"Comparison of Two Methods of Predicting Outcome in Perinatal Asphyxia","volume":"327","author":"Levene","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211165","article-title":"Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants < 1000 g","volume":"24","author":"Salhab","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10365","article-title":"Brain Alkaline Intracellular pH after Neonatal Encephalopathy","volume":"52","author":"Robertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000369","article-title":"Warming before and after Epidural Block before General Anaesthesia for Major Abdominal Surgery Prevents Perioperative Hypothermia: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Horn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.06.003","article-title":"Role of EEG Background Activity, Seizure Burden and MRI in Predicting Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Full-Term Infants with Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy in the Era of Therapeutic Hypothermia","volume":"20","author":"Weeke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.02.002","article-title":"Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Nageotte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0776-y","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Neonatal Cerebral Ultrasound: Technique and Reporting","volume":"87","author":"Dudink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0754","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance and Cranial Ultrasound Characteristics of Periventricular White Matter Abnormalities in Newborn Infants","volume":"56","author":"Childs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"852","article-title":"Early MR Features of Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonates with Periventricular Densities on Sonograms","volume":"21","author":"Sie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(99)00041-5","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of the Neonatal Brain by Ultrasound","volume":"24","author":"Simaeys","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.04.014","article-title":"Quantitative Tissue Echogenicity of the Neonatal Brain Assessed by Ultrasound Imaging","volume":"35","author":"Padilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0742-2822.2004.03146.x","article-title":"The Doppler Equation","volume":"21","author":"Pellett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.10.002","article-title":"Cerebral Blood Flow Volume Measurements with Ultrasound: Interobserver Reproducibility in Preterm and Term Neonates","volume":"31","author":"Ehehalt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.1.7568820","article-title":"Fractional Moving Blood Volume: Estimation with Power Doppler US","volume":"197","author":"Rubin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1159\/000334648","article-title":"Evaluation of Neonatal Regional Cerebral Perfusion Using Power Doppler and the Index Fractional Moving Blood Volume","volume":"101","author":"Heck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199209000-00011","article-title":"Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Renal Artery Stenosis by Means of the Gosling Pulsatility Index","volume":"10","author":"Bardelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(98)00024-6","article-title":"Gosling\u2019s Doppler Pulsatility Index Revisited","volume":"24","author":"Michel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20157","article-title":"Fetal Medicine Foundation Reference Ranges for Umbilical Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery Pulsatility Index and Cerebroplacental Ratio","volume":"53","author":"Ciobanu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1991.01030175.x","article-title":"Interpretation of Pulsatility Index in Feeder Arteries to Low-impedance Vascular Beds","volume":"1","author":"Gosling","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5315","article-title":"Reference Ranges for Uterine Artery Mean Pulsatility Index at 11\u201341 Weeks of Gestation","volume":"32","author":"Figueras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmm046","article-title":"The Pattern and Early Diagnostic Value of Doppler Ultrasound for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.26si065504","article-title":"Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Multimodality Imaging Findings","volume":"26","author":"Chao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90528-3","article-title":"Cerebral Artery Doppler Ultrasonography for Prediction of Outcome after Perinatal Asphyxia","volume":"328","author":"Archer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01119.x","article-title":"Low Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Head Circumference in Infants with Severe Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy and Poor Outcome","volume":"98","author":"Ilves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.169","article-title":"Transfontanellar Duplex Brain Ultrasonography Resistive Indices as a Prognostic Tool in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy before and after Treatment with Therapeutic Hypothermia","volume":"36","author":"Gerner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00354-X","article-title":"Cranial Ultrasound as a Predictor of Outcome in Term Newborn Encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Jongeling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02327.x","article-title":"Cerebral Resistance Index Is Less Predictive in Hypothermic Encephalopathic Newborns","volume":"100","author":"Elstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000358229","article-title":"Hypothermia Makes Cerebral Resistance Index a Poor Prognostic Tool in Encephalopathic Newborns","volume":"106","author":"Skranes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb02484.x","article-title":"Value of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring of Asphyxiated Newborn Infants","volume":"29","author":"Levene","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F75","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.73.2.F75","article-title":"Predictive Value of Early Neuroimaging, Pulsed Doppler and Neurophysiology in Full Term Infants with Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy","volume":"73","author":"Eken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-199504000-00003","article-title":"Cerebral Perfusion, Metabolism, and Outcome","volume":"7","author":"Low","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1994.13.8.595","article-title":"Cerebral Artery Doppler Ultrasonography for Prediction of Outcome after Perinatal Asphyxia","volume":"13","author":"Stark","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"208","article-title":"Anterior Cerebral Artery Doppler Ultrasonography for Prediction of Outcome after Perinatal Asphyxia","volume":"38","author":"Liao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.11.1471","article-title":"Changes in Cerebral and Visceral Blood Flow Velocities in Asphyxiated Term Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Ilves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.121","article-title":"White-Gray Matter Echogenicity Ratio and Resistive Index: Sonographic Bedside Markers of Cerebral Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury\/Edema?","volume":"32","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1634-6","article-title":"Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Prospective Comparison of Head US and MRI","volume":"40","author":"Epelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.326","article-title":"Bioimaging: Second Window for in Vivo Imaging","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000599","article-title":"Applications of near Infrared Spectroscopy in the Neonate","volume":"30","author":"Garvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.02.106","article-title":"Postoperative Cerebral Oxygenation Was Not Associated with New Brain Injury in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"158","author":"Claessens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, A.V., Safaie, J., Moghaddam, H.A., Wallois, F., and Grebe, R. (2011). Experimental Investigation of NIRS Spatial Sensitivity. Biomed. Opt. Express, 2.","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.001478"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.12.007","article-title":"Neuromonitoring in the Neonatal ECMO Patient","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e51162","article-title":"Predictive Utility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Outcomes of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Osman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396318666220304210653","article-title":"Impact of Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Monitoring on Short-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Neonates with Encephalopathy\u2014A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Tewari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"136","article-title":"Prognostic value of near-infrared spectroscopy in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"94","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.09.008","article-title":"Early Predictors of Short Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Asphyxiated Cooled Infants. A Combined Brain Amplitude Integrated Electroencephalography and near Infrared Spectroscopy Study","volume":"35","author":"Ancora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111347","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1111347","article-title":"Newer Indications for Neuromonitoring in Critically Ill Neonates","volume":"11","author":"Variane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakimi, N., Shahbakhti, M., Horschig, J.M., Alderliesten, T., Van Bel, F., Colier, W.N.J.M., and Dudink, J. (2023). Respiratory Rate Extraction from Neonatal Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signals. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23094487"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/5\/591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:51Z","timestamp":1760107311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/5\/591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["children11050591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11050591","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}