{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:33:08Z","timestamp":1774989188686,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the implications of decreased femoral torsion on gait and running in children and adolescents might help orthopedic surgeons optimize treatment decisions. To date, there is limited evidence regarding the kinematic gait deviations between children with decreased femoral torsion and typically developing children, as well as the implications of the same on the adaptation of walking to running. A three-dimensional gait analysis study was undertaken to compare gait deviations during running and walking among patients with decreased femoral torsion (n = 15) and typically developing children (n = 11). Linear mixed models were utilized to establish comparisons within and between the two groups and investigate the relationship between clinical examination, spatial parameters, and the difference in hip rotation between running and walking. Patients exhibited increased external hip rotation during walking in comparison to controls, accompanied by higher peaks for the same as well as for knee valgus and external foot progression angle. A similar kinematic gait pattern was observed during running, with significant differences noted in peak knee valgus. In terms of variations from running to walking, patients internally rotated their initially externally rotated hip by 4\u00b0, whereas controls maintained the same internal hip rotation. Patients and controls displayed comparable kinematic gait deviations during running compared to walking. The passive hip range of motion, torsions, and velocity did not notably influence the variation in mean hip rotation from running to walking. This study underlines the potential of 3D gait kinematics to elucidate the functional implications of decreased FT and, hence, may contribute to clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T10:00:11Z","timestamp":1716372011000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Walking and Running of Children with Decreased Femoral Torsion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Tsagkaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marry E.","family":"Hamberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Villefort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Dreher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britta K.","family":"Krautwurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Children\u2019s University Hospital Z\u00fcrich, 8032 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.18.00016","article-title":"Idiopathic Rotational Abnormalities of the Lower Extremities in Children and Adults","volume":"7","author":"Gruskay","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.172833","article-title":"In-Toeing and out-Toeing Gait Conservative Treatment; Hip Anteversion and Retroversion: 10-Year Follow-Up","volume":"20","author":"Nourai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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