{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:14:39Z","timestamp":1792851279820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The term congenital lung malformation (CLM) is used to describe a wide range of pathological conditions with different imaging and clinical manifestations. These anomalies stem from abnormal embryological lung development, potentially occurring across various stages of prenatal life. Their natural history can be variable, presenting in a wide range of severity levels and encompassing asymptomatic individuals who remain so until adulthood, as well as those who experience respiratory distress in the neonatal period. Through the PubMed database, we performed an extensive review of the literature in the fields of congenital lung abnormalities, including their diagnostic approach and findings. From our RIS-PACS database, we have selected cases with a final diagnosis of congenital lung malformation. Different diagnostic approaches have been selected, including clinical cases studied using plain radiograph, CT scan, prenatal ultrasound, and MR images. The most encountered anomalies can be classified into three categories: bronchopulmonary anomalies (congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs), congenital lobar hyperinflation, bronchial atresia, and bronchogenic cysts), vascular anomalies (arteriovenous malformation), and combined lung and vascular anomalies (scimitar syndrome and bronchopulmonary sequestration). CLM causes significant morbidity and mortality; therefore, the recognition of these abnormalities is necessary for optimal prenatal counseling and early peri- and postnatal management. This pictorial review aims to report relevant imaging findings in order to offer some clues for differential diagnosis both for radiologists and pediatric consultants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:14:07Z","timestamp":1716804847000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Congenital Lung Malformations: A Pictorial Review of Imaging Findings and a Practical Guide for Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Cancemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O.C. Radiodiagnostica Lentini, ASP Siracusa, 96016 Siracusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0735-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Distefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nephrology and Dialysis\u2014Nephrological, Vascular and Internal Medicine Diagnostic Ultrasound Service, Maggiore Hospital of Modica, ASP Ragusa, 97015 Modica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4724-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioele","family":"Vitaliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Milazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Terzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Belfiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Scuderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Coronella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Giovanni","family":"Musumeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura Regina Pacis, 93017 San Cataldo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Grippaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD I.P.T.R.A.-Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia Antonella","family":"Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD I.P.T.R.A.-Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Valerio","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Palmucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOSD I.P.T.R.A.-Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00239","article-title":"Congenital Lung Malformations: Unresolved Issues and Unanswered Questions","volume":"7","author":"Annunziata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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