{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:42:42Z","timestamp":1790635362543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A correlation between plasma lipids and timing of pubertal development has been hypothesized, though lipid influence remains unclear in central precocious puberty (CPP). Aim: To assess any possible alterations in the lipid profile and triglyceride glucose index (TyG) in children diagnosed with CPP. Patients and Methods: Retrospective single-center study conducted on children (aged 6.3 \u00b1 2.1 years) evaluated for the suspicion of CPP. Results: Based on the results of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) test, considering 5 IU\/L as cut-off of the luteinizing hormone peak, CPP was confirmed in 43 patients (57.3%). Sixteen (37.2%) had a pathologic body mass index (BMI), with 9 (20.9%) being overweight and 7 (16.27%) obese. High total cholesterol was found in 3 patients with CPP (6.97%), high triglycerides were found in 11 patients with CPP (25.58%), high LDL cholesterol was found in 5 patients with CPP (11.62%), low HDL cholesterol was found in 12\/43 patients with CPP (27.9%), a pathologic TyG was found in 13\/43 patients with CPP (30.23%). No significant association was observed in the lipid profile for patients with or without CPP, except for HDL cholesterol, which was lower in the CPP group (47.1 \u00b1 10.9; p = 0.033). However, the association between serum HDL cholesterol and CPP was not confirmed at the multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for patients\u2019 sex and age (p = 0.1; OR: 1.035; 95% CI: 0.993\u20131.078). Conclusion: The overall lipid profile of our pediatric patients diagnosed with CPP did not differ from patients having idiopathic precocious thelarche or normal variants of puberty development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:14:07Z","timestamp":1716804847000},"page":"639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lipid Profile and Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG) Alterations in a Single-Center Cohort of Children Diagnosed with Central Precocious Puberty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3711-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Sodero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Celeste","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Malavolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Rotunno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Fraccascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8443-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Candelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Rigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clelia","family":"Cipolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cipolla, C., Sodero, G., Pane, L.C., Mariani, F., Di Sarno, L., Rigante, D., and Candelli, M. (2023). Auxological and metabolic parameters of children undergoing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test: Correlations with the final diagnosis of central precocious puberty in a single-center study. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061678"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007730","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1007730","article-title":"Incidence of central precocious puberty more than doubled during COVID-19 pandemic: Single-center retrospective review in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Trujillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turriziani Colonna, A., Curatola, A., Sodero, G., Lazzareschi, I., Cammisa, I., and Cipolla, C. (Minerva Pediatr., 2022). Central precocious puberty in children after COVID-19 outbreak: A single-center retrospective study, Minerva Pediatr., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.22.06827-6"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"367","article-title":"Central precocious puberty: From physiopathological mechanisms to treatment","volume":"28","author":"Chirico","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28709","article-title":"Development and validation of a combined MRI radiomics, imaging and clinical parameter-based machine learning model for identifying idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls","volume":"58","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056871","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1056871","article-title":"Childhood obesity and central precocious puberty","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Guo, J., Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Miao, J., and Xue, H. (2021). Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty: A case-control study. BMC Pediatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02936-1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valsamakis, G., Arapaki, A., Balafoutas, D., Charmandari, E., and Vlahos, N.F. (2021). Diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, phoenixin, and subsequent precocious puberty. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103460"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e663","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad202","article-title":"The association of accelerated early growth, timing of puberty, and metabolic consequences in children","volume":"108","author":"Jee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Wu, D., Zeng, Q., Ban, C., Wang, L., and Lv, X. (Indian J. Pediatr., 2024). Diagnostic value of single LH and LH\/FSH ratio at 60-minute after GnRHa stimulation test for central precocious puberty, Indian J. Pediatr., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-024-05137-7"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breidbart, E., Ilkowitz, J., Regelmann, M.O., Ashraf, A.P., Gourgari, E., Kamboj, M.K., Kohn, B., Lahoti, A., Mehta, S., and Miller, R. (Horm. Res. Paediatr., 2024). Precocious puberty and GnRH analogs: Current treatment practices and perspectives amongst US pediatric endocrinologists, Horm. Res. Paediatr., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1159\/000539011"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, March 28). Siedp PDTA Pubert\u00e0 Precoce Centrale. Available online: https:\/\/www.Siedp.It\/Pagina\/823\/Pdta+puberta%27+precoce+centrale."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 396, 1223\u20131249."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009773","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009773","article-title":"Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: Current and future estimates for 161 countries","volume":"7","author":"Okunogbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022060640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060640","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity","volume":"151","author":"Hampl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502821","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risks and severity of obesity in children and young adults","volume":"373","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0525-6","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pediatric obesity: Consensus position statement of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Italian Society of Pediatrics","volume":"44","author":"Valerio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents (2011). Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: Summary report. Pediatrics, 128, S213\u2013S256.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2107C"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2022-1-1","article-title":"Evaluation of glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal girls with premature pubarche","volume":"14","author":"Bezen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Soliman, A.T., Alaaraj, N., De Sanctis, V., Hamed, N., Alyafei, F., and Ahmed, S. (2023). Long-term health consequences of central precocious\/early puberty (CPP) and treatment with Gn-RH analogue: A short update: Long term consequences of precocious puberty. Acta Biomed. Atenei Parm., 94."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051030","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipaemia and cardiovascular risk in girls with a history of premature pubarche","volume":"41","author":"Potau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"53","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and treatment options of macrophage activation syndrome in the pediatric age","volume":"10","author":"Stabile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2022.101522","article-title":"Growth hormone responses during arginine and clonidine stimulation test: Correlations with patients\u2019 auxological and metabolic parameters in a single centre study","volume":"68","author":"Sodero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heras, V., Castellano, J.M., Fernandois, D., Velasco, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Vazquez, E., Roa, J., Vazquez, M.J., Ruiz-Pino, F., Rubio, M., and Pineda, R. (2020). Central ceramide signaling mediates obesity-induced precocious puberty. Cell Metab., 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.10.001"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"41","article-title":"The side effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (diphereline) in treatment of idiopathic central precocious puberty","volume":"51","author":"Karamizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calcaterra, V., Magenes, V.C., Hruby, C., Siccardo, F., Mari, A., Cordaro, E., Fabiano, V., and Zuccotti, G. (2023). Links between childhood obesity, high-fat diet, and central precocious puberty. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020241"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201012164726","article-title":"Premature adrenarche and its association with cardiovascular risk in females","volume":"26","author":"Livadas","year":"2020","journal-title":"CPD"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3211-1","article-title":"Body mass index at the presentation of premature adrenarche is associated with components of metabolic syndrome at puberty","volume":"177","author":"Kaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2013.18.2.81","article-title":"Sex hormone binding globulin, free estradiol index, and lipid profiles in girls with precocious puberty","volume":"18","author":"Chae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0731","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles in girls with central precocious puberty before and during gonadal suppression","volume":"95","author":"Mouritsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097675","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1097675","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk factors among children who are affected by overweight, obesity and severe obesity","volume":"11","author":"Jalaludin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03868-1","article-title":"Weight gain from birth to adolescence and TyG index at age 18 years: A cohort study in Northeast Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-366","article-title":"A comparison of the growth status, level of blood glucose, and lipid metabolism in small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age girls with central precocious puberty: A retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, M., Gao, Y., Wang, K., and Huang, L. (2023). Lipid profile in girls with precocious puberty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01470-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrin, M.C., Marzin, C., Monasta, L., Tamaro, G., Vidonis, V., Vittori, G., Faleschini, E., Barbi, E., and Tornese, G. (2023). A short-duration gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the diagnosis of central precocious puberty. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010024"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e23085","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy and obesity in girls","volume":"13","author":"Heidari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000519039","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic control of puberty","volume":"16","author":"Manotas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/6\/639\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:48:44Z","timestamp":1760107724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/6\/639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children11060639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11060639","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]}}}