{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:10:31Z","timestamp":1789398631388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common form of scoliosis. As the name suggests, etiopathogenesis is not clearly defined, so treatment is still anchored in the musculoskeletal theory and correction\/prevention of high Cobb angle values. This study aimed to determine whether there is any connection between developing scoliotic curvature and a positive history of motion sickness as a symptom of a peripheral vestibular dysfunction\/deficit, and if vestibular rehabilitation exercises could be integrated into the treatment plan. The study was conducted over 12 months on a selected population of 159 patients to evaluate or treat scoliotic curvatures in a private clinic. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and illustrated using Microsoft Office Excel\/Word 2021. Patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction had significantly higher Cobb angle values when compared to patients with a negative result in an instrumental test for peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Motion sickness was considerably more associated with peripheral vestibular dysfunction, and a positive Fukuda stepping test was associated with a positive history of motion sickness. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with higher Cobb angles is related to positive motion sickness history as part of peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Conservative treatment for scoliosis could incorporate sensory integration techniques, and a positive history of motion sickness could be an indicator of a higher risk of progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:52:10Z","timestamp":1718355130000},"page":"723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Incidence and Importance of Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Liliana","family":"Vl\u0103d\u0103reanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Department, Techirghiol Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium, 34-41 Climescu Blvd., 906100 Techirghiol, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina Gabriela","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Department, Techirghiol Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium, 34-41 Climescu Blvd., 906100 Techirghiol, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia Tania","family":"Andronache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cAlexandru Gafencu\u201d Military Emergency Hospital Constanta, Mamaia Blvd., 900527 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Dante\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Pulmonology, 40 Sentinelei Street, 900002 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Orthop."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1100","article-title":"The first study of epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis shows lower prevalence in females of Jammu and Kashmir, India","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"223","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in students of the public schools in Goi\u00e2nia-GO","volume":"21","author":"Labres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2240","article-title":"Epidemiological study of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Eastern China","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935040","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.935040","article-title":"Regional disparity in epidemiological characteristics of adolescent scoliosis in China: Data from a screening program","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6357171","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6357171","article-title":"Cobb Angle Measurement of Spine from X-Ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"2019","author":"Horng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-9-4","article-title":"SOSORT 2012 consensus paper: Reducing x-ray exposure in pediatric patients with scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Knott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-014-0025-4","article-title":"Recommendations for research studies on treatment of idiopathic scoliosis: Consensus 2014 between SOSORT and SRS non-operative management committee","volume":"10","author":"Negrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067265.52473.C3","article-title":"Comparison of reliability between the Lenke and King classification systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using radiographs that were not premeasured","volume":"28","author":"Richards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"Negrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"910","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and new molecular concepts","volume":"23","author":"Letellier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. M\/S"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181f73c12","article-title":"Top theories for the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-6-26","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), environment, exposome and epigenetics: A molecular perspective of postnatal normal spinal growth and the etiopathogenesis of AIS with consideration of a network approach and possible implications for medical therapy","volume":"6","author":"Burwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001711011466","article-title":"Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present","volume":"11","author":"Fadzan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110585","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review of the literature and new epigenetic hypothesis on altered neural crest cells migration in early embryogenesis as the key event","volume":"151","author":"Zaydman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2020.0308","article-title":"Impact of the Vestibular System on the Formation and Progression to Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Review of Literature","volume":"15","author":"Scheyerer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3701-4","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis and the vestibular system","volume":"24","author":"Hawasli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4802-z","article-title":"Clinical balance tests, proprioceptive system and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"26","author":"Guyot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaiante, C., Mallau, S., Jouve, J.L., Bollini, G., and Vaugoyeau, M. (2012). Do adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) neglect proprioceptive information in sensory integration of postural control?. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040646"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2583-09.2009","article-title":"Vestibular asymmetry as the cause of idiopathic scoliosis: A possible answer from Xenopus","volume":"29","author":"Lambert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"538","article-title":"Shape analysis of vestibular systems in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using geodesic spectra","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Image Comput Assist Interv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.04.003","article-title":"Does adolescent idiopathic scoliosis relate to vestibular disorders? A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Catanzariti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitier, M., Hamon, M., Denise, P., Lacoudre, J., Thenint, M.A., Mallet, J.F., Moreau, S., and Quarck, G. (2015). Lateral Semicircular Canal Asymmetry in Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Early Link between Biomechanical, Hormonal and Neurosensory Theories?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131120"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5256-9","article-title":"Verticality perception reveals a vestibular deficit in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"236","author":"Antoniadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"300","article-title":"Vestibular Disorders","volume":"117","author":"Strupp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Lui, F., Foris, L.A., Willner, K., and Tadi, P. (2023). Central Vertigo. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strupp, M., Dieterich, M., Zwergal, A., and Brandt, T. (2015). Periphere, zentrale und funktionelle Schwindelsyndrome [Peripheral, central and functional vertigo syndromes]. Nervenarzt, 86, (In German).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-015-4425-3"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Dougherty, J.M., Carney, M., Hohman, M.H., and Emmady, P.D. (2023). Vestibular Dysfunction. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"47","article-title":"Imaging cortical activity after vestibular lesions","volume":"28","author":"Dieterich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12585","article-title":"The bilateral central vestibular system: Its pathways, functions, and disorders","volume":"1343","author":"Dieterich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.09.002","article-title":"Vestibular syndrome: A change in internal spatial representation","volume":"38","author":"Borel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000649","article-title":"Peripheral vestibular disorders: An update","volume":"32","author":"Strupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128760","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1128760","article-title":"Test-re-test reliability and dynamics of the Fukuda-Unterberger stepping test","volume":"14","author":"Hemm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100113337","article-title":"Unterberger stepping test: A useful indicator of peripheral vestibular dysfunction?","volume":"104","author":"Hickey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/00016485909129172","article-title":"The stepping test: Two phases of the labyrinthine reflex","volume":"50","author":"Fukuda","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-5-12","article-title":"A review of the trunk surface metrics used as Scoliosis and other deformities evaluation indices","volume":"5","author":"Patias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26064","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the fingertip-to-floor test","volume":"82","author":"Perret","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-200005","article-title":"Advisors: Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: Consensus Document of the Classification Committee of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society","volume":"31","author":"Cha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seleviciene, V., Cesnaviciute, A., Strukcinskiene, B., Marcinowicz, L., Strazdiene, N., and Genowska, A. (2022). Physiotherapeutic Scoliosis-Specific Exercise Methodologies Used for Conservative Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, and Their Effectiveness: An Extended Literature Review of Current Research and Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159240"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0076-9","article-title":"Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises\u2014A comprehensive review of seven major schools","volume":"11","author":"Berdishevsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0137-8","article-title":"Schroth physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: How many patients require treatment to prevent one deterioration?\u2014Results from a randomized controlled trial\u2014\u201cSOSORT 2017 Award Winner\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Schreiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-021-00526-6","article-title":"Network meta-analysis of short-term effects of different strategies in the conservative treatment of AIS","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-020-00060-1","article-title":"Establishing consensus on the best practice guidelines for the use of bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Roye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000117","article-title":"Nonoperative management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using braces","volume":"46","author":"Grivas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.2062","article-title":"Reduction of progressive thoracolumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by chiropractic biophysics\u00ae (CBP\u00ae) mirror image\u00ae methods following failed traditional chiropractic treatment: A case report","volume":"29","author":"Haggard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.31.839","article-title":"Reduction of thoraco-lumbar junctional kyphosis, posterior sagittal balance, and increase of lumbar lordosis and sacral inclination by Chiropractic BioPhysics\u00ae methods in an adolescent with back pain: A case report","volume":"31","author":"Gubbels","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06489-2","article-title":"Back pain in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: The contribution of morphological and psychological factors","volume":"29","author":"Teles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"228","article-title":"The effectiveness of Schroth method in Cobb angle, quality of life and trunk rotation angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000382","article-title":"Vestibular Rehabilitation for Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction: An Updated Clinical Practice Guideline from the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association","volume":"46","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update)","volume":"156","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000163","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of motion sickness","volume":"28","author":"Golding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019-9-4","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2019-9-4","article-title":"Motion sickness: An overview","volume":"8","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Context."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000350185","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms and the treatment of motion sickness","volume":"91","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12468","article-title":"Motion Sickness: Current Knowledge and Recent Advance","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/6\/723\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:58:17Z","timestamp":1760108297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/6\/723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children11060723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11060723","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}