{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:19:40Z","timestamp":1773231580757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Grant","award":["CMRPG 3J0131-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3J0131-3"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Grant","award":["CMRPG 3I0071-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3I0071-3"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Grant","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-182A-019-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-182A-019-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Research Grant","award":["CMRPG 3J0131-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3J0131-3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Research Grant","award":["CMRPG 3I0071-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG 3I0071-3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Research Grant","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-182A-019-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-182A-019-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Premature children with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) have been reported to an have increased risk of visual and neurocognitive impairments, yet little is known about whether vision could affect specific neurocognition. This study aimed to clarify the correlations between neurocognition and vision in premature children. Materials and Methods: This is a nonrandomized, cross-sectional, observational study in a pediatric cohort with five groups: (1) full-term (n = 25), (2) prematurity without ROP (n = 154), (3) prematurity with ROP but without treatment (n = 39), (4) prematurity with ROP and with bevacizumab (IVB) treatment (n = 62), and (5) prematurity with ROP and with laser\/laser + IVB treatment (n = 20). Neurocognitive function was evaluated by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) around the age of 4 years. Visual acuity (VA) and refractive errors were tested. Correlations between WPPSI parameters and visual outcomes were analyzed across five groups. Results: Among the 300 recruited children (mean age = 4.02 + 0.97 years, male = 56.3%), 297 were assessed by WPPSI-IV and 142 were assessed by vision tests. The Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) index was worse in the premature groups. After adjusting for covariates, seven items, including FSIQ-Index (p = 0.047), fluid-reasoning index (p = 0.004), FR-percentile ranking (p = 0.008), object assembly (p = 0.034), picture concept (p = 0.034), zoo locations (p = 0.014) and bug search (p = 0.020), showed significant differences between groups. The better the best corrected VA (BCVA), the higher the scores on Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), VCI-PR, and the subtest of information. Conclusions: Specific cognitive dysfunctions are related to the BCVA in this large cohort. Subtest performance profiles in WPPSI can be affected by prematurity, ROP treatment, and different ROP treatment. FSIQ is generally lower in premature children and even lower in children with ROP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11080894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T08:40:04Z","timestamp":1721896804000},"page":"894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relations between Neurocognitive Function and Visual Acuity: A Cross-Sessional Study in a Cohort of Premature Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chun-Hsien","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chih","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Fu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Da","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene Yu-Chuan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Linkou Branch), Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and\/or very low birth weight children","volume":"124","author":"Oosterlaan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stalnacke, S.R., Tessma, M., Bohm, B., and Herlenius, E. 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