{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:11:18Z","timestamp":1764238278561,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite several diagnostic guidelines, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) remain underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, delaying the care of these patients and support for families. Objective: This study aims to help professionals caring for these children and their families to suspect this diagnosis earlier and to provide the most appropriate follow-up. Methods: A retrospective chart review with monocentric recruitment was performed at the Genetics Unit of the University Hospital of Reunion Island. A total of 147 children and adolescents with FASDs were included. Results: Prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with paternal alcohol consumption in 42.9%, and a high rate of prematurity (33.3%) was observed. Sixty percent of children or adolescents were placed in foster families. Learning difficulties without cognitive deficits were found in 65.8% of cases (50\/76). Postural control and fine motor skills disabilities were described, respectively, in 54.7% (35\/64) and 72.5% (50\/69) of cases. A systematic genetic assessment was carried out, identifying in these FASD patients an associated Copy Number Variation (CNVs) in 22.6% of cases. Conclusion: Children with FASDs combine significant vulnerabilities, associating exposure to alcohol during the preconception and\/or the prenatal period, prematurity, complex familial and sociocultural living conditions, and a genetic anomaly in almost a quarter of cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11080955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T09:48:54Z","timestamp":1723196934000},"page":"955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["First Description of a Large Clinical Series of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Children and Adolescents in Reunion Island, France"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"La\u00ebtitia","family":"Sennsfelder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire EPI (Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologiques), UFR Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Guilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Henkous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Lebon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIC 1410 (Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Leruste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIC 1410 (Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"UFR Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Beuvain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Ferroul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Benard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Payet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meissa","family":"Nekaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mait\u00e9","family":"Bagard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magaly","family":"Lauret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Hoareau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Caillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Robin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Diagnostic TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Lanneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Diagnostic TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Etchebarren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Diagnostic TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6332-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Spodenkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIC 1410 (Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le de Sant\u00e9 Mentale, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97448 Saint-Pierre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Alessandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Anomalies du D\u00e9veloppement et Syndromes Malformatifs Sud-Ouest Occitanie R\u00e9union, Site Constitutif de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godelieve","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Anomalies du D\u00e9veloppement et Syndromes Malformatifs Sud-Ouest Occitanie R\u00e9union, Site Constitutif de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9r\u00e9nice","family":"Roy-Doray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire EPI (Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologiques), UFR Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"Centre Ressources TSAF (Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale), Fondation P\u00e8re Favron, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97546 Saint-Pierre, France"},{"name":"CIC 1410 (Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"},{"name":"UFR Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France"},{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Anomalies du D\u00e9veloppement et Syndromes Malformatifs Sud-Ouest Occitanie R\u00e9union, Site Constitutif de La R\u00e9union, 97400 Saint-Denis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259","article-title":"A Practical Clinical Approach to Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Clarification of the 1996 Institute of Medicine Criteria","volume":"115","author":"Hoyme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154256","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256","article-title":"Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"138","author":"Hoyme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.4.400","article-title":"Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol-exposed individuals: Introducing the 4-digit diagnostic code","volume":"35","author":"Astley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00420-x","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Popova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14922","article-title":"The Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Rural Communities in South Africa: A Third Regional Sample of Child Characteristics and Maternal Risk Factors","volume":"46","author":"May","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"171","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2171","article-title":"Misdiagnosis and Missed Diagnoses in Foster and Adopted Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure","volume":"135","author":"Chasnoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199910000-00012","article-title":"Identifying Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Youth in the Criminal Justice System","volume":"20","author":"Fast","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6437a3","article-title":"Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking Among Women of Childbearing Age\u2014United States, 2011\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, November 05). SPF Barom\u00e8tre Sant\u00e9 2017. Alcool et Tabac. Consommation d\u2019alcool et de Tabac Pendant la Grossesse. Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/import\/barometre-sante-2017.-alcool-et-tabac.-consommation-d-alcool-et-de-tabac-pendant-la-grossesse."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30021-9","article-title":"Estimation of National, Regional, and Global Prevalence of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Popova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.06.078","article-title":"Prenatal Alcohol Consumption and Placental Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies","volume":"225","author":"Steane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2216","article-title":"Predictors of Drinking During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulat, B., Alemnew, W., and Shitu, K. (2022). Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Further Analysis of the Recent Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04694-z"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"E63","article-title":"Prenatal Care of Women Who Give Birth to Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in a Universal Health Care System: A Case\u2013Control Study Using Linked Administrative Data","volume":"7","author":"Singal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. Open Access J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0603-2","article-title":"Identifying Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Esper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popova, S., Dozet, D., O\u2019Hanlon, G., Temple, V., and Rehm, J. (2021). Maternal Alcohol Use, Adverse Neonatal Outcomes and Pregnancy Complications in British Columbia, Canada: A Population-Based Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03545-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lui, S., Jones, R.L., Robinson, N.J., Greenwood, S.L., Aplin, J.D., and Tower, C.L. (2014). Detrimental Effects of Ethanol and Its Metabolite Acetaldehyde, on First Trimester Human Placental Cell Turnover and Function. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087328"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.02.010","article-title":"Dose Effect of Gestational Ethanol Exposure on Placentation and Fetal Growth","volume":"36","author":"Gundogan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-021-00658-9","article-title":"The Universal and Primary Prevention of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): A Systematic Review","volume":"43","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambo, D., and Goldman, D. (2023). Genetic Influences on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14010195"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00276-z","article-title":"Williams Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Kozel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12499","article-title":"Cornelia de Lange Syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Boyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15071","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.71","article-title":"22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12451","article-title":"Research Review: Executive Function Deficits in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder\u2014A Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Kingdon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160517","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0517","article-title":"Objective Measures of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Systematic Review","volume":"138","author":"McQuire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"56","article-title":"Focus On: Biomarkers of Fetal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Effects","volume":"34","author":"Bakhireva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-016-0074-4","article-title":"DNA Methylation Signature of Human Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Lussier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13026","article-title":"Alcohol Use During Pregnancy Is Associated with Specific Alterations in MicroRNA Levels in Maternal Serum","volume":"40","author":"Gardiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200408000-00002","article-title":"Risk Factors for Adverse Life Outcomes in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects","volume":"25","author":"Streissguth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.10.004","article-title":"A Review of the Physical Features of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"60","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14040","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Neurobehavioral Deficits Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure","volume":"43","author":"Mattson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/17518420902980118","article-title":"A Review of the Verbal and Visual Memory Impairments in Children with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Manji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabilit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01990.x","article-title":"Executive Function Deficits in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Measured Using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB)","volume":"50","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02373-0","article-title":"Paternal Alcohol Consumption Has Intergenerational Consequences in Male Offspring","volume":"39","author":"Cambiasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2018-0221","article-title":"DNA Methylation Abundantly Associates with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Its Subphenotypes","volume":"11","author":"Cobben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00993.x","article-title":"Effect of Alcohol Consumption on CpG Methylation in the Differentially Methylated Regions of H19 and IG-DMR in Male Gametes\u2014Implications for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Ouko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14029","article-title":"Intergenerational Effects of Alcohol: A Review of Paternal Preconception Ethanol Exposure Studies and Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Male Germline","volume":"43","author":"Rompala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701298365","article-title":"Ethanol and the Placenta: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Burd","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.536","article-title":"Paternal Drinking, Intimate Relationship Quality, and Alcohol Consumption in Pregnant Ukrainian Women","volume":"72","author":"Bakhireva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0444-6","article-title":"PLGF, a Placental Marker of Fetal Brain Defects after in Utero Alcohol Exposure","volume":"5","author":"Lecuyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.10.002","article-title":"Impaired Placentation in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Gundogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2024, April 28). Available online: https:\/\/repere.re\/wp-content\/uploads\/Releve-epidemio-2001-2022-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2024, April 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.lareunion.ars.sante.fr\/system\/files\/2023-06\/Synth\u00e8se-Resultats%20Enquete%20Nationale%20P\u00e9rinatalit\u00e9-La%20R\u00e9union.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2024, April 28). Available online: https:\/\/repere.re\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/bulletin_stat_perinat_reunion_septembre2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2024, April 28). Vivreaveclesaf Vivre Avec le SAF\u2014Association d\u2019aide aux Familles Concern\u00e9es par les Troubles du Spectre de l\u2019Alcoolisation F\u0153tale. Available online: https:\/\/www.vivreaveclesaf.fr\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e980","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0066","article-title":"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Child Care Settings: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"132","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.129030","article-title":"Application of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial Photographic Screening Tool in a Foster Care Population","volume":"141","author":"Astley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.05.004","article-title":"Challenges of Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Foster and Adopted Children","volume":"67","author":"Bakhireva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12817","article-title":"Comparing Outcomes of Children and Youth with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in the Child Welfare System to Those in Other Living Situations in Canada: Results from the Canadian National FASD Database","volume":"47","author":"Burns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sennsfelder, L., Guilly, S., Leruste, S., Hoareau, L., L\u00e9ocadie, W., Beuvain, P., Nekaa, M., Bagard, M., Robin, S., and Lanneaux, J. (2023). Description of Copy Number Variations in a Series of Children and Adolescents with FASD in Reunion Island. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040694"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2017-0241","article-title":"Copy Number Variation in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"96","author":"Zarrei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35672","article-title":"Diagnostic Outcomes of 27 Children Referred by Pediatricians to a Genetics Clinic in the Netherlands with Suspicion of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"161","author":"Abdelmalik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/8\/955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:31:49Z","timestamp":1760110309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/8\/955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children11080955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11080955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]}}}