{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:33:33Z","timestamp":1789680813647,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1159616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1159616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We conducted a study to determine if antenatally collected maternal urine cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) measurements can be used to assess the neonatal impact of nicotine exposure during pregnancy. This was a prospective longitudinal cohort of mother\u2013infant dyads. Only term singleton pregnancies were included. The primary outcome measure was the correlation between maternal urine cotinine and infant birth weight. Methods: We analysed data from 238 mother\u2013neonate dyads. Smoking habits were recorded during routine prenatal check-ups and urine samples were collected to measure cotinine and creatinine levels. Results: Urine cotinine was detected in 50.4% (120\/238) of women from the whole cohort, but only 16% (38\/238) self-reported as smokers (chi-square 39.7, p &lt; 0.0001), and these women had significantly smaller babies (p = 0.010). There was a significant negative correlation between maternal urine cotinine and birth weight (Spearman\u2019s coefficient = \u22120.0226, p = 0.013). Female babies born to women with nicotine in their urine were significantly smaller (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Infant birth weight significantly reduced in mothers with exposure to nicotine during pregnancy. The number of women exposed to nicotine during late pregnancy (measured in urine) was markedly higher than self-reported and national smoking percentages, suggesting an urgent need for an improvement in medical record reporting on smoking habits to better assess neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11081028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1724300817000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Relationship between Maternal Smoking and Infant Birth Weight: Improving Accuracy through Urine Cotinine Analysis and Effective Medical Record Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Danica","family":"Vojisavljevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4720-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogavijayan","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Townsville University Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Dr, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. 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