{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:56:00Z","timestamp":1787165760568,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; e.g., physical abuse) can impact lifelong mental health both directly and intergenerationally, with effects transmitted from the parent to the child. Several physiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the impacts of ACEs on mental health. The purpose of this narrative review was to synthesize and critique the peer-reviewed literature on physiological mechanisms proposed to underlie the impacts of ACEs on mental health, specifically: (1) hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis functioning, (2) inflammation, (3) genetic inheritance and differential susceptibility, (4) epigenetics, (5) brain structure and function, (6) oxidative stress, and (7) metabolic profiles. We searched Google Scholar using variations of the terms \u201cadverse childhood experiences\u201d, \u201cmechanisms\u201d, and \u201cmental health\u201d to locate relevant peer-reviewed literature. We also mined citations of the identified literature to find additional important sources. The role of inflammation in the etiology of mental health conditions among those exposed to ACEs appeared promising, followed by hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis functioning, brain structure and function, genetics, epigenetics, metabolism, and lastly, oxidative stress. Replication studies that examine the associations among ACEs, genetic inheritance and differential susceptibility, epigenetics, oxidative stress, and metabolism are required to better define links with mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11091112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1726108223000},"page":"1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Proposed Physiological Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Conditions: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kurbatfinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6817-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliyah","family":"Dosani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Community and Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1323-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah M.","family":"Dewey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Letourneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423363112","article-title":"Causal effects of the early caregiving environment on development of stress response systems in children","volume":"112","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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