{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:53:00Z","timestamp":1791424380951,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8M0381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8M0381"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8L0551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8L0551"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["113-2314-B-182A-118-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-182A-118-"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8M0381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8M0381"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CORPG8L0551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8L0551"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["113-2314-B-182A-118-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-182A-118-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread condition often resulting from multiple factors, including maternal influences. These risk factors not only heighten the likelihood of developing CKD but increase the risk of a preterm birth. Adverse events during nephrogenesis can disrupt kidney development, leading to a reduced number of nephrons. As survival rates for preterm infants improve, more individuals are living into adulthood, thereby elevating their risk of CKD later in life. This review aims to explore the connections between preterm birth, kidney development, and the increased risk of CKD, while proposing practical solutions for the future through a multidisciplinary approach. We examine human studies linking preterm birth to negative kidney outcomes, summarize animal models demonstrating kidney programming and reduced nephron numbers, and consolidate knowledge on common mechanisms driving kidney programming. Additionally, we discuss factors in the postnatal care environment that may act as secondary insults contributing to CKD risk, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), the use of nephrotoxic drugs, preterm nutrition, and catch-up growth. Finally, we outline recommendations for action, emphasizing the importance of avoiding modifiable risk factors and implementing early CKD screening for children born preterm. Together, we can ensure that advancements in kidney health keep pace with improvements in preterm care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11101213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T11:29:24Z","timestamp":1727868564000},"page":"1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Preterm Birth and Kidney Health: From the Womb to the Rest of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.09.003","article-title":"Preterm birth prevention","volume":"69","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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