{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:51:53Z","timestamp":1791816713003,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.)","award":["4935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4935"]}]},{"name":"Hellenic Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Young Investigator Award","award":["4935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4935"]}]},{"name":"European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID) Young Investigator Award","award":["4935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4935"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/objectives: The immunological pathways that cause Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children (MIS-C) remain under investigation. Methods: The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the T-cell cytokine expression profile in unvaccinated children with acute MIS-C (MISC_A) before immunosuppression, convalescent MIS-C (one month after syndrome onset, MISC_C), convalescent COVID-19 (one month after hospitalization), and in healthy, unvaccinated controls. The intracellular expression of IL-4, IL-2, IL-17, IFN\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1 and Granzyme B, and the post SARS-CoV-2-Spike antigenic mix stimulation of T-cell subsets was analyzed by 13-color flow cytometry. Results: Twenty children with a median age (IQR) of 11.5 (7.25\u201314) years were included in the study. From the comparison of the flow cytometry analysis of the 14 markers of MISC_A with the other three groups (MISC_C, post-COVID-19 and controls), significant differences were identified as follows: 1. CD4+IL-17+\/million CD3+: 293.0(256.4\u2013870.9) vs. 50.7(8.4\u2013140.5); p-value: 0.03, vs. 96.7(89.2\u2013135.4); p-value: 0.03 and vs. 8.7(0.0\u201382.4); p-value: 0.03, respectively; 2. CD8+IL-17+\/million CD3+: 335.2(225.8\u2013429.9) vs. 78.0(31.9\u2013128.9) vs. 84.1(0.0\u2013204.6) vs. 33.2(0.0\u2013114.6); p-value: 0.05, respectively; 3. CD8+IFN\u03b3+\/million CD3+: 162.2(91.6\u2013273.4) vs. 41.5(0.0\u201377.4); p-value: 0.03 vs. 30.3(0.0\u201392.8); p-value: 0.08, respectively. Conclusions: In children presenting with MIS-C one month after COVID-19 infection, T cells were found to be polarized towards IL-17 and IFN\u03b3 production compared to those with uncomplicated convalescent COVID-19, a finding that could provide possible immunological biomarkers for MIS-C detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T09:07:04Z","timestamp":1729674424000},"page":"1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison \u03bff Immune Responses Through Multiparametric T-Cell Cytokine Expression Profile Between Children with Convalescent COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2775-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippos","family":"Filippatos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Tzanoudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7325-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth-Barbara","family":"Tatsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Dessypris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11572 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra-Maria","family":"Koukou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysa","family":"Georgokosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0592-9591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Syriopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1745-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Michos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents","volume":"383","author":"Feldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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