{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:41:28Z","timestamp":1792172488594,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Evidence is consistent with increased screen viewing time among children and adolescents, and anticipation at the age at which children interact with media devices. Incorrect use of technology, as well as overuse, may lead to serious consequences. This study aims to revise scientific international literature and to describe the potential eye risks correlated to screen viewing time in the pediatric age. Materials and Methods. A review of the literature was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using the search terms \u201cmedia device\u201d and \u201ceye\u201d with the filter \u201cage 0\u201318\u201d. Results. Analyzing the international literature, we found 26 articles. Pre-myopia, myopia, digital eye strain, and acute acquired comitant esotropia were listed as potential and time-related consequences associated with the incorrect use of media devices among children and adolescents. Discussion. Family education on media device exposure and potential risk for children and adolescents\u2019 sight in case of prolonged digital\/screen exposure is required. During pediatric check controls, a dialogue with families on prolonged media device use at a close distance should be undertaken. Pediatricians and ophthalmologists should consider screen viewing time in case of ocular problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T04:46:11Z","timestamp":1732164371000},"page":"1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Media Device Use and Vision Disorders in the Pediatric Age: The State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bozzola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Irrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romie","family":"Hellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Crugliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASST Valleolona, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association Internationale pour l\u2019Enfance et la R\u00e9habilitation Visuelle, 75016 Paris, France"},{"name":"Italian Association of Pediatric Ophthalmologists and Paediatricians, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0541-8","article-title":"Prevalence, Trajectories, and Determinants of Television Viewing Time in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Young Children from the UK","volume":"14","author":"Barber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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