{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:14:39Z","timestamp":1789427679189,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["PE0000006\/DN.1553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006\/DN.1553"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["PE0000006\/DN.1553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006\/DN.1553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human milk (HM) is recognized as an ideal source of nutrition for newborns; as a result, its multiple bioactive molecules can support the growth of healthy newborns and reduce the risk of mortality and diseases such as asthma, respiratory infections, diabetes (type 1 and 2), and gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Furthermore, it can reduce the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Moreover, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) present in breast milk show an immunomodulatory, prebiotic, and neurodevelopmental effect that supports the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis. Material and methods: This study examined the state-of-the-art research, using keywords such as \u201cbreastfeeding\u201d, \u201chuman milk oligosaccharides\u201d, \u201cmicrobiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis\u201d, \u201cinfants\u201d, and \u201cmalnutrition\u201d. The literature review was conducted by selecting articles between 2013 and 2024, as the most recent ones. The databases used were Web Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Results: We found multiple studies examining the composition of HM and infant formula (IF). However, further longitudinal studies and randomized control trials (RCTs) are needed to better understand the clinical outcomes that bioactive components exert on healthy and hospitalized children and how, in conditions of malnutrition, it is necessary to support the growth of the newborn. Conclusions: In this review, we affirm the importance of human milk and, through it, the modulation of the microbiota and the neuroprotective role in newborns, determining the health of the following years of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:58:58Z","timestamp":1733122738000},"page":"1476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Role of Human Milk Microbiota in Infant Neurodevelopment: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Biagioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Sortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico \u201cRodolico-San Marco\u201d, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Falsaperla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science-Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Striano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Full Member of EPICARE, 16121-16167 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, S., Flaten, E., Petersen, C., Gervain, J., Werker, J.F., Trainor, L.J., and Finlay, B.B. 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