{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:35:33Z","timestamp":1784543733104,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LIFE\u2014the Leipzig Research Center for Civilization diseases"},{"name":"European Union through the European Social Fund (ESF)"},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)"},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)"},{"name":"Free State of Saxony"},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University"},{"name":"German Research Foundation within the program Open Access Publication Funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The first year of life represents a critical developmental stage in which the foundations for motor, cognitive, language, and social\u2013emotional development are set. During this time, development occurs rapidly, making early detection of developmental disorders essential for timely intervention. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development\u2014Third Edition (Bayley-III) is an effective tool for assessing language, motor, and cognitive development in children aged 1 to 42 months. This study aimed to investigate whether or not the results of the Bayley-III in healthy one-year-old children are predictive for their later motor skills and school performance. Methods: This study had a prospective, longitudinal design. The study participants were healthy children having performed Bayley-III at 1 year with information on motor performance (n = 170) at age 5\u201310 and school grades (n = 69) at age 7\u201310. Linear or logistic regression analysis was performed for data analysis. Results: Below-average performance in the cognitive part of the Bayley-III at age 1 was significantly associated with poorer performance in balancing backwards (b = \u22120.45), sideways jumping (b = \u22120.42), standing long jump (b = \u22120.54), and forward bends (b = \u22120.59) at age 5\u201310 (all p &lt; 0.05). Performance in other parts of the Bayley-III was not significantly associated with later motor skills. Furthermore, we did not observe any significant associations between performance in the Bayley-III and grades in school. The associations were not moderated by age, sex, or socioeconomic status (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The cognitive scale of the Bayley-III may be used as a predictive tool for later motor skills. Regarding school performance, the Bayley-III cannot be considered predictive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T03:44:47Z","timestamp":1733456687000},"page":"1486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Are the Results of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Third Edition) Predictive for Later Motor Skills and School Performance?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4752-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia Maria","family":"Kipping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Meigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Poulain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa044","article-title":"Early intervention for children with developmental disabilities in low and middle-income countries\u2014The case for action","volume":"13","author":"Smythe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Health."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Reuner, G., and Rosenkranz, J. (2014). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development\u2014Third Edition (Bayley-III), Pearson."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2017-0008","article-title":"Socioeconomic diversities and infant development at 6 to 9 months in a poverty area of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Tella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah El-Din, E.M., Monir, Z.M., Shehata, M.A., Abouelnaga, M.W., Abushady, M.M., Youssef, M.M., Megahed, H.S., Salem, S.M.E., and Metwally, A.M. (2021). A comparison of the performance of normal middle social class Egyptian infants and toddlers with the reference norms of the Bayley Scales\u2014Third edition (Bayley III): A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260138"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04348.x","article-title":"Global perspective on early diagnosis and intervention for children with developmental delays and disabilities","volume":"54","author":"Scherzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31823d8ba0","article-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant Development Screening Test-Gross Motor Subtest: Efficacy in determining need for services","volume":"24","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16037","article-title":"The ability of Bayley-III scores to predict later intelligence in children born extremely preterm","volume":"110","author":"Serenius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282918781431","article-title":"Agreement Between Bayley-III Measurements and WISC-IV Measurements in Typically Developing Children","volume":"37","author":"Stjernqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2022.101291","article-title":"The predictive value of the cognitive scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III","volume":"65","author":"Zmyj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cog. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000110","article-title":"Predictive validity of the Bayley, Third Edition at 2 years for intelligence quotient at 4 years in preterm infants","volume":"35","author":"Bode","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1258","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3039","article-title":"Bayley-III Cognitive and Language Scales in Preterm Children","volume":"135","author":"Spittle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021734","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021734","article-title":"Psychometric properties of gross motor assessment tools for children: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13232","article-title":"Bayley-III motor scale and neurological examination at 2 years do not predict motor skills at 4.5 years","volume":"59","author":"Burakevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neuro."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12049","article-title":"Does the Bayley-III Motor Scale at 2 years predict motor outcome at 4 years in very preterm children?","volume":"55","author":"Spittle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1021","article-title":"The LIFE child study: A life course approach to disease and health","volume":"12","author":"Quante","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0216-9","article-title":"The LIFE Child study: A population-based perinatal and pediatric cohort in Germany","volume":"32","author":"Poulain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2024, February 09). Declaration of Helsinki. Available online: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects\/."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319063","article-title":"How to use the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development","volume":"106","author":"Slevin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child ADC Educ. Pr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1216518","article-title":"Assessing developmental delay in early childhood\u2014Concerns with the Bayley-III scales","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-007-0251-5","article-title":"Motorik-Modul (MoMo) im Rahmen des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS). Motorische Leistungsf\u00e4higkeit und k\u00f6rperlich-sportliche Aktivit\u00e4t von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland","volume":"50","author":"Opper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"B\u00f6s, K., Worth, A., Opper, E., Oberger, J., Romahn, N., Wagner, M., Jekauc, D., Mess, F., and Woll, A. (2009). Motorik-Modul: Eine Studie zur motorischen Leistungsf\u00e4higkeit und k\u00f6rperlich-sportlichen Aktivit\u00e4t von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Abschlussbericht zum Forschungsprojekt. Forschungsreihe des Bundesministeriums F\u00fcr Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ), Nomos. Band 5."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"LIFE Child (2024, February 09). LIFE Child Datenportal. Available online: https:\/\/home.uni-leipzig.de\/lifechild\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/dd_2022_11_24.html#all."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niessner, C., Utesch, T., Oriwol, D., Hanssen-Doose, A., Schmidt, S.C.E., Woll, A., B\u00f6s, K., and Worth, A. (2020). Representative Percentile Curves of Physical Fitness From Early Childhood to Early Adulthood: The MoMo Study. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00458"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"114","article-title":"Messung des sozio\u00f6konomischen Status und des subjektiven sozialen Status in KiGGS Welle 2","volume":"3","author":"Lampert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"R Core Team R (2023, February 06). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Version 4.2.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bayley scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition\u2014Deutsche Fassung","volume":"63","author":"Macha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Z. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National Research Council (2008). Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, and How, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03670.x","article-title":"Factor structure of paediatric timed motor examination and its relationship with IQ","volume":"52","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"325","article-title":"Relationship between motor and cognitive learning abilities among primary school-aged children","volume":"53","author":"Abdelkarim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alex. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00117","article-title":"Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex","volume":"71","author":"Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01311-x","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of motor skills during the preschool period","volume":"28","author":"Peyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02528-y","article-title":"ASQ-3 and BSID-III\u2019s concurrent validity and predictive ability of cognitive outcome at 5 years","volume":"94","author":"Duggan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333794X20973146","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X20973146","article-title":"Predictive Value of the BSID-II and the Bayley-III for Early School Age Cognitive Function in Very Preterm Infants","volume":"7","author":"Flynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Pediatr. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasheed, M.A., Kvestad, I., Shaheen, F., Memon, U., and Strand, T.A. (2023). The predictive validity of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III at 2 years for later general abilities: Findings from a rural, disadvantaged cohort in Pakistan. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001485"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.104933","article-title":"Comparison between Ages Stages Questionnaire and Bayley Scales, to predict cognitive delay in school age","volume":"141","author":"Schonhaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.36.129.22901","article-title":"Academic performance and intelligence quotient of primary school children in Enugu","volume":"36","author":"Akubuilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2006.09.003","article-title":"The impact of kindergarten learning-related skills on academic trajectories at the end of elementary school","volume":"21","author":"McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Child Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.302","article-title":"Self-regulation and academic achievement in elementary school children","volume":"133","author":"McClelland","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001548","article-title":"Do school grades matter for growing up? Testing the predictive validity of school performance for outcomes in emerging adulthood","volume":"60","author":"Starr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Codina, M., and Grantham-McGregor, S. (2020). Predictive validity in middle childhood of short tests of early childhood development used in large scale studies compared to the Bayley-III, the Family Care Indicators, height-for-age, and stunting: A longitudinal study in Bogota, Colombia. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231317"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/12\/1486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:48:19Z","timestamp":1760114899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/11\/12\/1486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children11121486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11121486","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]}}}