{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:45:08Z","timestamp":1759970708456,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition with diverse symptoms influenced by factors like gender, severity and the involvement of family and therapists. While many risk factors that contribute to ASD development are known, the exact etiology remains unclear. The relationship between speech ability and postural\/gait patterns in ASD has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to verify if the ability to speak can affect body posture and gait patterns. Methods: The study involved 28 boys aged 6\u201317. The postural assessment used the Adams test, Bunnell scoliometer, goniometer, and inclinometer to measure trunk rotation, joint range of motion, and spinal curvature. Trunk muscle strength was assessed via a flexion test measuring position maintenance time. This study compare body posture parameters in speaking and non-speaking children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Moreover the parameters were compared to the general norms. Results: The study observed a tendency for speaking children to deviate more from normative body posture. They presented shoulder protraction more often, increased lumbar lordosis angle, and anterior pelvic tilt. Additionally, non-speaking children were more prone to toe-walking, which, according to other studies, is present in approximately 8\u20139% of all children with autism spectrum disorders. Both groups presented a decreased angle of dorsal flexion in the ankle joint. Conclusions: This study suggests that speaking children with ASD exhibit greater anterior-posterior postural deviations (increased lumbar lordosis, shoulder protraction, anterior pelvic tilt) than non-speaking children. ASD did not affect scoliosis or trunk rotation. Non-speaking children showed a higher incidence of toe-walking. However, the small sample size limits the generalizability of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T07:46:29Z","timestamp":1737963989000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Postural Differences in Speaking Versus Non-Speaking Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9214-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"B\u0119dziechowska-Czy\u017cewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. 135\/147, 61-545 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0521-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roksana","family":"Malak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. 135\/147, 61-545 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greaterpoland Physiotherapy Center, Bohater\u00f3w II Wojny \u015awiatowej, 60-386 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8781-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Andrusiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5D, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W\u0142odzimierz","family":"Samborski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. 135\/147, 61-545 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Human Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Emich-Widera, E., Kazek, B., and Paprocka, J. (2023). Autism in Children. Clinical Knowledge [Polish Orig. Autyzm u Dzieci. Wiedza Kliniczna], WL PZWL."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-018-0151-5","article-title":"Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane","volume":"13","author":"Czaprowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1302\/1863-2548.13.180160","article-title":"Autism and toe-walking: Are they related? Trends and treatment patterns between 2005 and 2016","volume":"13","author":"Leyden","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manfredi, F., Riefoli, F., Coviello, M., and Dibello, D. (2022). The Management of Toe Walking in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: \u201cCast and Go\u201d. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9101477"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valagussa, G., Purpura, G., Nale, A., Pirovano, R., Mazzucchelli, M., Grossi, E., and Perin, C. (2022). Sensory Profile of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Tip-Toe Behavior: Results of an Observational Pilot Study. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091336"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2018-0042","article-title":"Complexity of Center of Pressure in Postural Control for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Was Partially Compromised","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u0219ca, A.M., Rusu, L., Marin, M.I., Ene Voiculescu, V., and Ene Voiculescu, C. (2022). Physical Activity Design for Balance Rehabilitation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081152"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samborska-Mazur, J., Kostiukow, A., Miechowicz, I., Sikorska, D., Rutkowski, R., Wyganowska-\u015awi\u0105tkowska, M., and B\u0142ochowiak, K. (2020). Salivary Cytokine Profile as a Possible Predictor of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103101"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Mache, M.A., and Todd, T.A. (2020). Automated identification of postural control for children with autism spectrum disorder using a machine learning approach. J. Biomech., 113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.110073"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel Ghafar, M.A., Abdelraouf, O.R., Abdelgalil, A.A., Seyam, M.K., Radwan, R.E., and El-Bagalaty, A.E. (2022). Quantitative Assessment of Sensory Integration and Balance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030353"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04685-z","article-title":"Genetic Advances in Autism","volume":"51","author":"Thapar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9305-x","article-title":"Postural control processes during standing and step initiation in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Bojanek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.03.008","article-title":"Standing balance on unsteady surfaces in children on the autism spectrum: The effects of IQ","volume":"51","author":"Travers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/23335432.2021.1968316","article-title":"Development of postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017burawski, A.\u0141., Kiebzak, W.P., Kowalski, I.M., \u015aliwi\u0144ski, G., and \u015aliwi\u0144ski, Z. (2020). Evaluation of the association between postural control and sagittal curvature of the spine. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241228"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluszczy\u0144ski, M., Pilis, A., and Czaprowski, D. (2022). The importance of the size of the trunk inclination angle in the early detection of scoliosis in children. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04965-4"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5114\/polp.2023.126246","article-title":"Angle of trunk rotation in children suffering from growth hormone deficiency","volume":"98","author":"Malak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000205904.59351.25","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: Selective screening for scoliosis","volume":"445","author":"Bunge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2020.08.013","article-title":"Relationship between tip-toe behavior and soleus\u2013gastrocnemius muscle lengths in individuals with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"21","author":"Valagussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Szczechowicz, J. (2011). Angular Range of Motion Measurements, Measurement Records, SFTR Method [Polish Orig. Pomiary Ka\u0328towe Zakresu Ruchu, Zapisy Pomiaro\u0301w, Metoda SFTR], AWF Krak\u00f3w."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2016.11.008","article-title":"Evaluation of knee range of motion: Correlation between measurements using a universal goniometer and a smartphone goniometric application","volume":"21","author":"Derhon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000579","article-title":"The popliteal angle tests in patients with cerebral palsy","volume":"28","author":"Manikowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankowicz-Szyma\u0144ska, A., Fa\u0142atowicz, M., Smo\u0142a, E., B\u0142yszczuk, R., and W\u00f3dka, K. (2020). Relationship between frontal knee position and the degree of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis among 10-12-year-old children with normal body weight. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236150"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobyli\u0144ska, M., Malak, R., Majewska, K., K\u0119dzia, A., and Samborski, W. (2019). Assessment of anterior-posterior spinal curvatures in children suffering from hypopituitarism. BMC Endocr. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0462-4"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.893377","article-title":"Delays in Motor Development in Children with Down Syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Malak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000091","article-title":"Impact of Exercise-Induced Fatigue on the Strength, Postural Control, and Gait of Children with a Neuromuscular Disease","volume":"93","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3233\/OER-2010-0181","article-title":"Clinical Tools to Quantify Torso Flexion Endurance: Normative Data from Stu-dent and Firefighter Populations","volume":"9","author":"McGill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5507\/ag.2013.004","article-title":"Reliability of V Sit-and-Reach Test Used for Flexibility Self-Assessment in Females","volume":"43","author":"Cuberek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Gymnica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a7645","article-title":"Normative-Referenced Values for Health-Related Fitness among Czech Youth: Physical Fitness Data from the Study IPEN Adolescent Czech Republic","volume":"31","author":"Suchomel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000352","article-title":"Effect of a Core Conditioning Intervention on Tests of Trunk Muscular Endurance in School-Aged Children","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovi\u0107, N., Stupar, D., Markovi\u0107, M., Trajkovi\u0107, N., Aleksi\u0107, D., Pa\u0161i\u0107, G., Koni\u010danin, A., Zadra\u017enik, M., and Stojanovi\u0107, T. (2023). School-Based Circuit Training Intervention Improves Local Muscular Endurance in Primary School Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040726"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"575","article-title":"Neural Basis of Touch and Proprioception in Primate Cortex","volume":"8","author":"Delhaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5409-8","article-title":"Concurrent validity of photogrammetric and inclinometric techniques based on assessment of anteroposterior spinal curvatures","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170882","article-title":"Parameters characterizing the posture of preterm children in standing and sitting position","volume":"33","author":"Zajkiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21173-9","article-title":"Distinct subtypes of proprioceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons regulate adaptive proprioception in mice","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.01.008","article-title":"A Role for Runx Transcription Factor Signaling in Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory Neuron Diversification","volume":"49","author":"Kramer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2021.54.8.052","article-title":"Proprioception, the regulator of motor function","volume":"54","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00230-z","article-title":"Cervical Proprioception Impairment in Neck Pain-Pathophysiology, Clinical Evaluation, and Management: A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.02.2019.11","article-title":"Teenagers\u2019 perceptions of their scoliotic curves. Comparison between sports people and non-sports people","volume":"9","author":"Notarnicola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/2\/145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:12Z","timestamp":1759919832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/2\/145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children12020145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12020145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}