{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:45:28Z","timestamp":1759970728137,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to higher newborn weight and an increased risk of macrosomia. The newborn single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the ADIPOQ gene rs266729 is linked to a higher birth weight of the offspring of healthy pregnant women. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between newborn ADIPOQ rs266729 polymorphism, cord blood adiponectin, maternal glycemic and lipid metabolism, and maternal adiponectin levels at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation (WG) and at birth and its impact on newborn weight in a cohort of GDM mothers. Materials and methods: This study involved 71 women diagnosed with GDM and 142 control pregnant women. The ADIPOQ (rs266729) gene polymorphisms were genotyped using TaqMan real-time PCR analysis. Maternal and cord blood adiponectin levels were measured using human total adiponectin ELISA kits. We performed a Pearson correlation analysis to identify significant correlations between maternal metabolic parameters and adiponectin levels at 24\u201328 WG and birth and the weight of newborns. A logistic regression analysis was also conducted to identify potential macrosomia predictors. Results: We found no significant differences in the distribution of the allele (C, G) (p = 0.82) and genotype (CC, CG, GG) (p = 0.46) of APIPOQ rs266729 among normoponderal and macrosomic newborns from the GDM mothers group. Maternal fasting glucose at 24\u201328 WG was higher in the GDM mothers who gave birth to macrosomic newborns (106 \u00b1 17 vs. 93 \u00b1 10 mg\/dL, p &lt; 0.0001). Adiponectin levels in the cord blood of newborns from mothers with GDM were lower than those in newborns from control mothers (p &lt; 0.0001). In correlation analysis, we identified a weak positive correlation between the newborn weight of GDM mothers and cord blood adiponectin (r = 0.262), maternal fasting glucose level at 24\u201328 WG (r = 0.288), and maternal adiponectin level at birth (0.334). Multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for confounders, revealed that maternal fasting glucose levels at 24\u201328 WG had an OR of 11.59, and cord blood adiponectin levels had an OR of 30.31 for macrosomia. Conclusions: The preliminary findings of our pilot study suggest that in the gestational diabetes mellitus group, the ADIPOQ rs266729 polymorphism in newborns is not associated with a higher birth weight, maternal fasting glucose levels between 24 and 28 WG were a predictor for macrosomia, and cord blood adiponectin levels were lower than those from control mothers. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T08:57:48Z","timestamp":1738054668000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Link Between Newborn SNP Polymorphism rs266729, Adiponectin, and Newborn Macrosomia in a Cohort of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Case\u2013Control Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9628-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Muntean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudiu","family":"M\u0103rginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1084-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Silvia","family":"Bernad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Laparoscopy, Laparoscopic Surgery and In Vitro Fertilization, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3235-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"B\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Laboratory, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Nyulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Medical Biostatistics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina Elena","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Algcocalm SRL, 540360 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladut","family":"S\u0103s\u0103ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021053708","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053708","article-title":"Changes in the Incidence of Childhood Obesity","volume":"150","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.11809","article-title":"Obesity in Adolescents: A Review","volume":"332","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1","article-title":"Obesity and Pregnancy: Mechanisms of Short Term and Long Term Adverse Consequences for Mother and Child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109149","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence","volume":"183","author":"Zanardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15205","article-title":"Incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus before and after the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Torella","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care, 47, S20\u2013S42.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i7.482","article-title":"Fetal Programming of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003606","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 216","volume":"135","author":"Macrosomia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(03)00828-7","article-title":"Increased Fetal Adiposity: A Very Sensitive Marker of Abnormal in Utero Development","volume":"189","author":"Catalano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20279","article-title":"Maternal and Neonatal Complications of Fetal Macrosomia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Beta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Verde, M., De Franciscis, P., Torre, C., Celardo, A., Grassini, G., Papa, R., Cianci, S., Capristo, C., Morlando, M., and Riemma, G. (2022). Accuracy of Fetal Biacromial Diameter and Derived Ultrasonographic Parameters to Predict Shoulder Dystocia: A Prospective Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095747"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0338-8","article-title":"Fetal Macrosomia and Shoulder Dystocia in Women with Gestational Diabetes: Risks Amenable to Treatment?","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0950115","article-title":"In Utero Programming of Chronic Disease","volume":"95","author":"Barker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond. Engl. 1979)"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4951-9","article-title":"Intrauterine Programming of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Hjort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldelli, S., Aiello, G., Mansilla Di Martino, E., Campaci, D., Muthanna, F.M., and Lombardo, M. (2024). The Role of Adipose Tissue and Nutrition in the Regulation of Adiponectin. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152436"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00031.2020","article-title":"Adiponectin Synthesis, Secretion and Extravasation from Circulation to Interstitial Space","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13586","article-title":"Correlation of Adipokines and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Newborns","volume":"44","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0980","article-title":"Modulation of Adipokines and Cytokines in Gestational Diabetes and Macrosomia","volume":"91","author":"Grissa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.11.008","article-title":"Decreased Maternal Serum Adiponectin and Increased Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Levels along with Increased Placental Glucose Transporter-1 Expression in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Possible Role in Fetal Overgrowth","volume":"104","author":"Balachandiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.144302","article-title":"The Roles of ADIPOQ Rs266729 and MTNR1B Rs10830963 Polymorphisms in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"730","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S396238","article-title":"The Variants in ADIPOQ Are Associated with Maternal Circulating Adipokine Profile in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Tangjittipokin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2011.134","article-title":"Association of Adiponectin Polymorphism with Cord Blood Adiponectin Concentrations and Intrauterine Growth","volume":"57","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.16","article-title":"Association of Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism with Birth Weight in Korean Neonates","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2911","article-title":"Stressful Life Events, Hypertensive Disorders, and High Blood Sugar during Pregnancy","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy: Response to Weinert","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050902994655","article-title":"Dysregulation of Maternal Serum Adiponectin in Preterm Labor","volume":"22","author":"Romero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muntean, M., S\u0103s\u0103ran, V., Luca, S.-T., Suciu, L.M., Nyulas, V., and M\u0103rginean, C. (2024). Serum Levels of Adipolin and Adiponectin and Their Correlation with Perinatal Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144082"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-02011-w","article-title":"Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women with a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes in First-and Second-Degree Relatives","volume":"60","author":"Monod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2013). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 548: Weight Gain during Pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 121, 210\u2013212.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000425668.87506.4c"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110561","article-title":"Obesity and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"197","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihai, M., Vladut, S., Sonia-Teodora, L., Mihaela, S.L., Victoria, N., Elena, M.I., and Claudiu, M. (2024). Correlation between Overweight, Obesity, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Adipokines (Adipolin and Adiponectin), and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Pilot Study. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091544"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Shen, Z., Zhan, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, S., Zhang, S., Liu, J., Wu, S., Feng, Y., and Chen, Y. (2020). Effects of Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Maternal and Infant Complications. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03071-y"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A.K., Singh, S., Singh, H., Mahajan, D., Kolli, P., Mandadapu, G., Kumar, B., Kumar, D., Kumar, S., and Jena, M.K. (2022). Deep Insight of the Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172672"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038-008-0303-1","article-title":"Adiponectin Gene ADIPOQ SNP Associations with Serum Adiponectin in Two Female Populations and Effects of SNPs on Promoter Activity","volume":"53","author":"Kyriakou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S391253","article-title":"Association between Maternal Fasting Plasma Glucose Value and Fetal Weight among Singletons of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01474-8","article-title":"First-Trimester Fasting Glycemia as a Predictor of Gestational Diabetes (GDM) and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Sesmilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-72032009000100002","article-title":"Factors Related to the Presence of Large for Gestational Age Newborns in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.039","article-title":"Is It Time to Revisit the Pedersen Hypothesis in the Face of the Obesity Epidemic?","volume":"204","author":"Catalano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01565-y","article-title":"Serum Lipid Levels in Relation to Clinical Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.16109","article-title":"Association of Lipid Levels at Different Stages of Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Incidence of Neonatal Macrosomia: A Retrospective Study","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13261","article-title":"Maternal Lipid Levels during Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Ryckman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0952-z","article-title":"Maternal Fasting Glycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in a Mediterranean Population","volume":"54","author":"Sesmilo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1111","article-title":"Pregnancy Insulin, Glucose, and BMI Contribute to Birth Outcomes in Nondiabetic Mothers","volume":"31","author":"Ong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.31914","article-title":"Unveiling Macrosomia Risks of Non-Diabetic Women: Insights from Second Trimester Maternal Lipid Profiles","volume":"27","author":"Kanmaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111154","article-title":"Effect of Maternal Weight, Adipokines, Glucose Intolerance and Lipids on Infant Birth Weight among Women without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"184","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.05.005","article-title":"Third Trimester Plasma Adiponectin and Leptin in Gestational Diabetes and Normal Pregnancies","volume":"93","author":"Horosz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02761.x","article-title":"Maternal and Foetal Resistin and Adiponectin Concentrations in Normal and Complicated Pregnancies","volume":"66","author":"Cortelazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11225","article-title":"Association between Levels of Aquaporin 3 in the Placenta and Adiponectin in the Umbilical Cord Blood with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101082","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Development and Lipid Metabolism in the Human Fetus: The 2020 Perspective Focusing on Maternal Diabetes and Obesity","volume":"81","author":"Desoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0788","article-title":"Maternal and Cord Blood Adiponectin Multimeric Forms in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2019.4.24058","article-title":"Adipokine Levels and Their Association with Insulin Resistance and Fetal Outcomes among the Newborns of Indian Gestational Diabetic Mothers","volume":"40","author":"Manoharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.06.007","article-title":"Apelin, Vaspin, Visfatin and Adiponectin in Large for Gestational Age Infants with Insulin Resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cekmez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000235","article-title":"Relation between Fetal Anthropometric Parameters and Cord Blood Adiponectin and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"61","author":"Aramesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"179","article-title":"Impact of Cord Blood Adiponectin and Leptin Levels and Maternal Obesity on Birth Weight of Infants Born to Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, X., Duan, Y., Wang, J., Yang, Z., Man, Q., and Lai, J. (2024). The Association between Macrosomia and Glucose, Lipids and Hormones Levels in Maternal and Cord Serum: A Case-Control Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06740-4"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.05.049","article-title":"Cord Blood Adiponectin in Large-for-Gestational Age Newborns","volume":"193","author":"Kanety","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0389","article-title":"Low Prepregnancy Adiponectin Concentrations Are Associated with a Marked Increase in Risk for Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Hedderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem090","article-title":"Serum Adiponectin and Lipid Concentrations in Pregnant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Maliqueo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabaratnam, R., Skov, V., Paulsen, S.K., Juhl, S., Kruse, R., Hansen, T., Halkier, C., Kristensen, J.M., Vind, B.F., and Richelsen, B. (2022). A Signature of Exaggerated Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Is Linked to Low Plasma Adiponectin and Increased Transcriptional Activation of Proteasomal Degradation in Muscle. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132005"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/2\/155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:50Z","timestamp":1759919870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/2\/155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children12020155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12020155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}