{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:37:56Z","timestamp":1790206676659,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a non-progressive clinical condition characterized by secondary issues, including speech impairments. Our study aims to evaluate the volumes of brain areas related to speech in patients diagnosed with CP between the ages of 0\u201317. Methods: this study includes the images of 84 children: 42 in the control group who applied to the hospital between the specified dates and were reported as healthy by MRI from the patient records, and 42 patients with CP. Results: in the CP group, white and gray matter, cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, lobus frontalis, lobus temporalis, lobus parietalis, lobus insularis, gyrus cinguli, and nuclei basales volumes were observed to decrease statistically significantly compared to the control group (p \u02c2 0.001). Conclusions: we found a significant decrease in the volumes of speech-related brain areas in CP patients, indicating that CP can significantly impact the brain\u2019s speech-related regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1739935793000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Correlation of Neuroanatomical Structures Related to Speech in Cerebral Palsy Patients Aged 0\u201317: A Retrospective MRI Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Erhan","family":"Berk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal University, 44210 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcmeysa","family":"\u00dcz\u00fcmc\u00fco\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institude of Graduate Science, Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal University, 44210 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1453-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feyza","family":"\u0130nceo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal University, 44210 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal University, 44210 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Furkan","family":"Arpac\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal University, 44210 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Turgut \u00d6zal Medical Center, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, 44000 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u0131d\u0131r","family":"Pekmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal University, 44210 Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X","article-title":"Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005","volume":"47","author":"Bax","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/48.3.162","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy in North India\u2014An analysis of 1000 cases","volume":"48","author":"Singhi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12076","article-title":"Speech problems affect more than one in two children with cerebral palsy: S wedish population-based study","volume":"102","author":"Nordberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12687","article-title":"Visual\u2013perceptual impairment in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Ego","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral palsy and intellectual disability among children identified in two US National Surveys, 2011\u20132013","volume":"26","author":"Maenner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-18-0319","article-title":"Longitudinal growth in single word intelligibility among children with cerebral palsy from 24 to 96 months of age: Predicting later outcomes from early speech production","volume":"62","author":"Hustad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.13.1602","article-title":"Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: The European Cerebral Palsy Study","volume":"296","author":"Bax","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00010-X","article-title":"White-matter pathways for speech and language processing","volume":"129","author":"Friederici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Crossman, A.R., and Neary, D. (2014). Neuroanatomy E-Book: An Illustrated Colour Text, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Webb, W., and Adler, R.K. (2016). Neurology for the Speech-Language Pathologist-E-Book: Neurology for the Speech-Language Pathologist-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0764-8","article-title":"Current controversies on Wernicke\u2019s area and its role in language","volume":"17","author":"Binder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozker, M., Yoshor, D., and Beauchamp, M.S. (2018). Converging evidence from electrocorticography and BOLD fMRI for a sharp functional boundary in superior temporal gyrus related to multisensory speech processing. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00141"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.04.033","article-title":"A spatial map of onset and sustained responses to speech in the human superior temporal gyrus","volume":"28","author":"Hamilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0815-8","article-title":"Consensus paper: Cerebellum and emotion","volume":"16","author":"Adamaszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13094","article-title":"Cerebellar contributions to motor control and language comprehension: Searching for common computational principles","volume":"1369","author":"Moberget","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.06.005","article-title":"Subcortical contributions to motor speech: Phylogenetic, developmental, clinical","volume":"40","author":"Ziegler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.07.003","article-title":"Subcortical processing in auditory communication","volume":"328","author":"Pannese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2016.00030","article-title":"volBrain: An Online MRI Brain Volumetry System","volume":"10","author":"Manjon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","article-title":"Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Card. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.061","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of brain pathology based on MRI and brain atlases\u2014Applications for cerebral palsy","volume":"54","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15369","article-title":"Brain volumes and functional outcomes in children without cerebral palsy after therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"65","author":"Spencer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku\u0142ak, P., Maciorkowska, E., and Go\u015bcik, E. (2016). Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of brain and cerebellum in children with cerebral palsy. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5961928"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"67","article-title":"The cerebellum in children with spastic cerebral palsy: Volumetrics MRI study","volume":"1","author":"Tarasow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"180","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebellum and brain stem in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"52","author":"Sobaniec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci. (De Gruyter Open)"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.059","article-title":"Association of hearing impairment with brain volume changes in older adults","volume":"90","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-H-ASCC7-18-0142","article-title":"Poorer speech reception threshold in noise is associated with lower brain volume in auditory and cognitive processing regions","volume":"62","author":"Rudner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.013","article-title":"A voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of regional grey and white matter volume abnormalities within the speech production network of children who stutter","volume":"49","author":"Beal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.11.001","article-title":"Structural brain differences in school-age children with residual speech sound errors","volume":"128","author":"Preston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01978-7","article-title":"Grey matter volume in developmental speech and language disorder","volume":"224","author":"Pigdon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.02.002","article-title":"Neural correlates of phonological processing in speech sound disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"119","author":"Tkach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.07.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe hearing impairment in a population-based cerebral palsy cohort","volume":"51","author":"Dufresne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03765.x","article-title":"Oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy: A register study","volume":"52","author":"Parkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1100-1","article-title":"Structural brain aging and speech production: A surface-based brain morphometry study","volume":"221","author":"Tremblay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.021","article-title":"Beyond age and gender: Relationships between cortical and subcortical brain volume and cognitive-motor abilities in school-age children","volume":"54","author":"Pangelinan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/2\/249\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:37:18Z","timestamp":1760027838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/2\/249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children12020249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12020249","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]}}}