{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:54:34Z","timestamp":1760057674695,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K10242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of the Environment\u2019s budget for the JECS","award":["20K10242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10242"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of the Environment, Japan","award":["20K10242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10242"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Malocclusion in primary dentition affects permanent dentition. However, the factors contributing to malocclusion in the oral cavities of children have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that environmental factors affect malocclusion in the primary dentition of the Japanese population and aimed to identify factors associated with anterior occlusion in primary dentition. Methods: The study involved 3793 parent\u2013child pairs from the Miyagi Regional Centre as part of a supplementary survey to the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, a cohort study. A questionnaire assessing oral development and environmental factors was administered to parent-child pairs who consented to participate. Parents assessed anterior occlusion when their children were 3.5 years old. Results: The maxillary primary central incisors tended to erupt earlier in the open bite group. Significantly more children in this group were breastfed until 1 year and drank ionic beverages at 1.5 years. In addition, thumb sucking or pacifier use was significantly common at 2 years of age. A correlation was observed between the mother\u2019s body mass index (BMI) before and after pregnancy and anterior occlusion. Conclusions: In the open bite group, the occlusion status of the anterior teeth at 3.5 years of age showed distinctive results influenced by the eruption period of the primary anterior teeth, oral habits, intake of sweetened beverages, and maternal BMI. These findings suggest that parental observation could be useful for screening children for malocclusion until the eruption of permanent dentition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T09:36:22Z","timestamp":1739957782000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elucidation of Factors Affecting Anterior Occlusion in Primary Dentition Based on the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risa","family":"Ishiko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Supportive Care and Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0612-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kotaro","family":"Sena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Supportive Care and Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Community Social Dentistry, Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichie","family":"Koseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Social Dentistry, Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masumi","family":"Sasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Social Dentistry, Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0644-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiharu","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeyoshi","family":"Koseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Social Dentistry, Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu-Tomoda, C., Ishida, Y., Ishizaki-Terauchi, A., Mizoguchi, Y., Oishi, S., and Ono, T. 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