{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T20:30:14Z","timestamp":1787689814495,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates with congenital conditions which require surgical management frequently experience respiratory distress. This review discusses the management of pulmonary complications and the respiratory support strategies for four conditions: oesophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula (OA-TOF), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), congenital lung malformations (CLM), and anterior abdominal wall defects (AWD). Mechanical ventilation techniques which can reduce the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) are discussed, as well as the use of non-invasive respiratory support modes. While advances in perioperative respiratory support have improved outcomes in infants with OA-TOF, managing respiratory distress in premature OA-TOF neonates remains a challenge. In CDH infants, a randomised trial has suggested that conventional ventilation may improve outcomes compared to high-frequency ventilation. Echocardiographic assessment is essential in the management of CDH infants with pulmonary hypertension. Lung-protective ventilation settings may lower the rate of postoperative complications in symptomatic CLM infants, but there remains debate regarding the choice of expectant versus surgical management in neonates with asymptomatic CLMs. Infants with AWDs can require ventilation due to pulmonary hypoplasia, but the effects of this on their long-term respiratory health are poorly understood. As surgical techniques continue to evolve and novel ventilation techniques become available, prospective multi-centre studies will be required to define the optimal respiratory support strategies for neonatal surgical conditions that affect lung function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12030273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1740391468000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Respiratory Support Strategies for Surgical Neonates: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5429-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Alberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niyi","family":"Ade-Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, King\u2019s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8672-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Greenough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2022.151199","article-title":"Neonatal ventilation","volume":"31","author":"Kiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2019.01.004","article-title":"Contemporary ventilatory strategies for surgical patients","volume":"28","author":"Ruzic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltsogianni, O., Dassios, T., and Greenough, A. (2023). Neonatal respiratory support strategies-short and long-term respiratory outcomes. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1212074"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2024.0141","article-title":"The respiratory consequences of preterm birth: From infancy to adulthood","volume":"85","author":"Course","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1348OC","article-title":"Alveolarization continues during childhood and adolescence: New evidence from helium-3 magnetic resonance","volume":"185","author":"Narayanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03377.x","article-title":"Anesthetic management of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"21","author":"Broemling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3","article-title":"Peri-operative management of neonates with oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula","volume":"19","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.03.003","article-title":"The history of surgery for esophageal atresia","volume":"55","author":"Nakayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1891","article-title":"Survival of infants born with esophageal atresia among 24 international birth defects surveillance programs","volume":"113","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(94)90354-9","article-title":"Oesophageal atresia: At-risk groups for the 1990s","volume":"29","author":"Spitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.009","article-title":"Oesophageal atresia: Improved outcome in high-risk groups?","volume":"41","author":"Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0077-0","article-title":"Oesophageal atresia","volume":"5","author":"Singendonk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-56","article-title":"VACTERL\/VATER Association","volume":"6","author":"Solomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Choumanovai, I., Sanusi, A., and Evans, F. (2025, January 23). Anaesthetic Management of Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula\/Oesophageal Atresia. Available online: https:\/\/resources.wfsahq.org\/atotw\/anaesthetic-management-of-tracheo-oesophageal-fistula-oesophageal-atresia\/."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"164","article-title":"Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula: Review of a 10-year personal experience","volume":"9","author":"Adebo","year":"1990","journal-title":"West Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(90)90507-6","article-title":"Esophageal atresia, distal tracheoesophageal fistula, and an air shunt that compromised mechanical ventilation","volume":"25","author":"Richenbacher","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(85)80226-8","article-title":"Management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in the neonate with severe respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Templeton","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001905","article-title":"Perioperative anaesthetic management and short-term outcome of neonatal repair of oesophageal atresia with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula in Europe: A sub-analysis of the neonate and children audit of anaesthesia practice in Europe (NECTARINE) prospective multicenter observational study","volume":"40","author":"Johansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s40792-021-01229-0","article-title":"Feasible techniques in robotic thoracoscopic repair of congenital esophageal atresia: Case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-23-453","article-title":"Management of long-gap esophageal atresia","volume":"13","author":"Penikis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2235-8766","article-title":"Thoracoscopic Stage Internal Traction Repair Reduces Time to Achieve Esophageal Continuity in Long Gap Esophageal Atresia","volume":"34","author":"Borselle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1331459","article-title":"Long-gap esophageal atresia: A meta-analysis of jejunal interposition, colon interposition, and gastric pull-up","volume":"22","author":"Gallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.07.005","article-title":"The Value of Preoperative Rigid Tracheobronchoscopy for the Diagnosis of Tracheomalacia in Oesophageal Atresia Patients","volume":"59","author":"Aanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948109000418","article-title":"Endoscopy in Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula","volume":"90","author":"Benjamin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2013.0210","article-title":"Current patterns of practice and technique in the repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistua: An IPEG survey","volume":"23","author":"Lal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i10.482","article-title":"Role of preoperative tracheobronchoscopy in newborns with esophageal atresia: A review","volume":"6","author":"Parolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1350058","article-title":"International survey on the management of esophageal atresia","volume":"24","author":"Zani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2011.0134","article-title":"The use of high-frequency oscillating ventilation to facilitate stability during neonatal thoracoscopic operations","volume":"21","author":"Mortellaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.09.062","article-title":"Decreased cerebral oxygen saturation during thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia in infants","volume":"46","author":"Bishay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.006","article-title":"Hypercapnia and acidosis during the thoracoscopic repair of oesophageal atresia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"50","author":"Pierro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31828fab55","article-title":"Hypercapnia and acidosis during open and thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia: Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"258","author":"Bishay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4559-1","article-title":"Neonatal brain oxygenation during thoracoscopic correction of esophageal atresia","volume":"30","author":"Tytgat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13178","article-title":"Intraoperative acidosis and hypercapnia during thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia\/tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"27","author":"Zani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.11.026","article-title":"Insufflation in minimally invasive surgery: Is there any advantage in staying low?","volume":"55","author":"Sidler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Lin, Y., He, Y., Shen, Y., Fan, J., and Fang, Y. (2022). Exploration of the thoracoscopic treatment of esophageal atresia under high-frequency ventilation. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1066492"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(87)80420-7","article-title":"Esophageal atresia: Five year experience with 148 cases","volume":"22","author":"Spitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-018-4379-1","article-title":"Post-operative paralysis and elective ventilation reduces anastomotic complications in esophageal atresia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Miyake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176409","article-title":"Protection of oesophageal anastomosis following uncomplicated repair of common-type oesophageal atresia by non-reversal of anaesthesia and graded withdrawal of respiratory support","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00180083","article-title":"Long-gap oesophageal atresia","volume":"11","author":"Spitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01372145","article-title":"Elective, postoperative ventilation in the management of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"12","author":"Qaisaruddin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489415586844","article-title":"Upper Airway Anomalies in Congenital Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia Patients","volume":"124","author":"Hseu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000179649.15576.db","article-title":"Thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: A multi-institutional analysis","volume":"242","author":"Holcomb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.07.013","article-title":"Extubation strategies after esophageal atresia repair","volume":"57","author":"Aworanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-005-1576-6","article-title":"Gaseous distention of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus with nasal CPAP: A mimicker of pharyngeal perforation and esophageal atresia","volume":"35","author":"Walor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13206","article-title":"Does continuous positive airway pressure for extubation in congenital tracheoesophageal fistula increase the risk of anastomotic leak? A retrospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.01.023","article-title":"Postoperative noninvasive ventilation and complications in esophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"54","author":"Ferrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.05.012","article-title":"Post-operative ventilation strategies after surgical repair in neonates with esophageal atresia: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Landolfo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, E., and Greenough, A. (2021). Respiratory Support of Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.808317"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00362-w","article-title":"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"8","author":"Zani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1778021","article-title":"The CDH Study Group: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"34","author":"Holden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000512966","article-title":"Early, Postnatal Pulmonary Hypertension Severity Predicts Inpatient Outcomes in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"118","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004324","article-title":"Update on Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"131","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00635.x","article-title":"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis in 20 European regions","volume":"19","author":"Garne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7586","article-title":"Value of liver herniation in prediction of outcome in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Mullassery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.04.004","article-title":"Fetal lung-to-head ratio in the prediction of survival in severe left-sided diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO)","volume":"195","author":"Jani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2008.08.010","article-title":"Antenatal prediction of lung volume and in-utero treatment by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"14","author":"Deprest","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal. Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.3890","article-title":"Use of magnetic resonance imaging in prenatal prognosis of the fetus with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"32","author":"Victoria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.046","article-title":"Late gestation fetal magnetic resonance imaging-derived total lung volume predicts postnatal survival and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035005","article-title":"A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"349","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027030","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Fetal Surgery for Severe Left Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"385","author":"Deprest","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026983","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Fetal Surgery for Moderate Left Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"385","author":"Deprest","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2742-6","article-title":"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia-influence of fetoscopic tracheal occlusion on outcomes and predictors of survival","volume":"175","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1437-9","article-title":"Tracheomegaly: A complication of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"40","author":"McHugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10092388","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of tracheomegaly in children after fetal tracheal occlusion for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"257","author":"Breysem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.023","article-title":"Tracheomegaly in infants with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion","volume":"164","author":"Zani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00109-3","article-title":"Tracheomalacia and tracheomegaly in infants and children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia managed with and without fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO): A multicentre, retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Basurto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011776","article-title":"Acute presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia past the neonatal period: A life threatening emergency","volume":"43","author":"Paut","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201258","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1258","article-title":"Routine Intubation in Newborns with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"146","author":"Allegaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-017-0031-5","article-title":"Reduced oxygen concentration for the resuscitation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"38","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000342332","article-title":"Neuromuscular blockade and lung function during resuscitation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"103","author":"Murthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318606","article-title":"Perinatal stabilisation of infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A review of current concepts","volume":"105","author":"Knol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.08.233","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of intact cord resuscitation in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)","volume":"120","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317477","article-title":"Initiating resuscitation before umbilical cord clamping in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A pilot feasibility trial","volume":"105","author":"Foglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08027-7","article-title":"Multicentre, randomised controlled trial of physiological-based cord clamping versus immediate cord clamping in infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (PinC): Statistical analysis plan","volume":"25","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group (2001). Estimating disease severity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the first 5 minutes of life. J. Pediatr. Surg., 36, 141\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.20032"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.043","article-title":"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A simplified postnatal predictor of outcome","volume":"42","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.078","article-title":"Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Prognostic indices in the fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion era","volume":"44","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-018-4780-x","article-title":"Predicting Survival of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia on the First Day of Life","volume":"43","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393960","article-title":"Best oxygenation index on day 1: A reliable marker for outcome and survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"25","author":"Ruttenstock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.07.039","article-title":"Using serial oxygenation index as an objective predictor of survival for antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.11.014","article-title":"Prognostic value of the oxygenation index to predict survival and timing of surgery in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.4.488","article-title":"Management of infants with severe respiratory failure and persistence of the fetal circulation, without hyperventilation","volume":"76","author":"Wung","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2007.01.006","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation strategies in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"16","author":"Logan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1031","article-title":"A definition of gentle ventilation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A survey of neonatologists and pediatric surgeons","volume":"45","author":"Najaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.036","article-title":"Permissive hypercapnia in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Our institutional experience","volume":"214","author":"Guidry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000444210","article-title":"Standardized Postnatal Management of Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in Europe: The CDH EURO Consortium Consensus\u20142015 Update","volume":"110","author":"Snoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001533","article-title":"Conventional Mechanical Ventilation Versus High-frequency Oscillatory Ventilation for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Randomized Clinical Trial (The VICI-trial)","volume":"263","author":"Snoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04413-y","article-title":"Work of breathing at different tidal volume targets in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"181","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.09.010","article-title":"Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review from the APSA outcomes and evidence based practice committee","volume":"50","author":"Puligandla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.04.056","article-title":"Is surfactant therapy beneficial in the treatment of the term newborn infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia?","volume":"145","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.02.011","article-title":"Surfactant does not improve survival rate in preterm infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"39","author":"Lally","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.07.005","article-title":"Surfactant replacement therapy on ECMO does not improve outcome in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"39","author":"Colby","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06079","article-title":"Heliox Adjunct Therapy for Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"63","author":"Wise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2003.50095","article-title":"A prospective, randomized pilot trial of perfluorocarbon-induced lung growth in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"38","author":"Hirschl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02551-z","article-title":"Management of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary hypertension-one size does not fit all","volume":"93","author":"Greenough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2023","article-title":"Evaluation of Variability in Inhaled Nitric Oxide Use and Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"170","author":"Putnam","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000790","DOI":"10.1136\/wjps-2024-000790","article-title":"Hemodynamic management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: The role of targeted neonatal echocardiography","volume":"7","author":"Surak","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group (NINOS) (1997). Inhaled nitric oxide and hypoxic respiratory failure in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics, 99, 838\u2013845.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.6.838"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02491-8","article-title":"Early nitric oxide is not associated with improved outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"93","author":"Noh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.09.052","article-title":"Inhaled Nitric Oxide Is Associated with Improved Oxygenation in a Subpopulation of Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"219","author":"Lawrence","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04568-8","article-title":"Prediction of survival in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and the response to inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"181","author":"Thodika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e032122","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032122","article-title":"The CoDiNOS trial protocol: An international randomised controlled trial of intravenous sildenafil versus inhaled nitric oxide for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"9","author":"Schaible","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-017-0066-9","article-title":"Milrinone in congenital diaphragmatic hernia\u2014A randomized pilot trial: Study protocol, review of literature and survey of current practices","volume":"3","author":"Lakshminrusimha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(91)90512-R","article-title":"Improvement in survival of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia utilizing a strategy of delayed repair after medical and\/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation stabilization","volume":"26","author":"Breaux","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2007.02253.x","article-title":"Evolving management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13459","article-title":"Anesthesia consensus on clinical parameters for the timing of surgical repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"28","author":"Fennessy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.09.004","article-title":"Impact of Objective Echocardiographic Criteria for Timing of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair","volume":"192","author":"Deeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.10.056","article-title":"Comparison of early versus delayed strategies for repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"53","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.052","article-title":"Potential survival benefit with repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in select patients: Study by ELSO CDH Interest Group","volume":"54","author":"Delaplain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"16","article-title":"Repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-observations of a paediatric surgeon","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kardiochir. Torakochirurgia Pol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.161766","article-title":"Optimizing Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair on ECMO: Evaluating the Risk of Bleeding","volume":"59","author":"Schmoke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-017-4143-y","article-title":"Intraoperative ventilation during thoracoscopic repair of neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"33","author":"Okazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-008-2152-6","article-title":"Physiologic predictors for the need for patch closure in neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"24","author":"Zamakhshary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.20037","article-title":"Prosthetic patch durability in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"36","author":"Moss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-011-2925-1","article-title":"Patch repair is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"27","author":"Brindle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329532","article-title":"Minimal access surgery for repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Is it advantageous?--An open review","volume":"22","author":"Vijfhuize","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-015-3765-1","article-title":"Surgical approaches for neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Terui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2022-0199","article-title":"The use of neurally-adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)","volume":"50","author":"Poole","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01098-3","article-title":"Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"41","author":"Kurland","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14191","article-title":"Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist can be used to wean infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernias off respiratory support","volume":"107","author":"Oda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.05.011","article-title":"Feasibility of Non-invasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilator Assist After Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair","volume":"54","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07681","article-title":"Neurally-Adjusted Ventilatory Assist Can Facilitate Extubation in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"66","author":"Meinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729877","article-title":"Analgesia, Sedation, and Neuromuscular Blockade in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia","volume":"40","author":"Weems","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00470-1","article-title":"Congenital lung malformations","volume":"9","author":"Pederiva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-016-3991-1","article-title":"Is congenital pulmonary airway malformation really a rare disease? Result of a prospective registry with universal antenatal screening program","volume":"33","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_406_20","article-title":"Anesthetic considerations in patients with cystic pulmonary adenomatoid malformations","volume":"37","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.179624","article-title":"Congenital pulmonary airway malformation with atrial septal defect and pulmonary hypertension for lobectomy-anesthetic considerations","volume":"19","author":"Chiluveru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Card. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(85)80470-X","article-title":"Fetal cystic adenomatoid malformation: Prenatal diagnosis and natural history","volume":"20","author":"Adzick","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e622","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004566","article-title":"Fetal Risk Stratification and Outcomes in Children with Prenatally Diagnosed Lung Malformations: Results from a Multi-Institutional Research Collaborative","volume":"276","author":"Kunisaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.30832","article-title":"Cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio predicts outcome in prenatally diagnosed cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung","volume":"37","author":"Crombleholme","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000502841","article-title":"The Utility of the Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation-Volume Ratio in the Assessment of Fetal Echogenic Lung Lesions: A Systematic Review","volume":"47","author":"Kane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.08.026","article-title":"Prenatal ultrasound-and MRI-based imaging predictors of respiratory symptoms at birth for congenital lung malformations","volume":"58","author":"Gerall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100949","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00949-2021","article-title":"Predicting the risk of respiratory distress in newborns with congenital pulmonary malformations","volume":"59","author":"Delacourt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23542","article-title":"Prediction of postnatal outcome in fetuses with congenital lung malformation: 2-year follow-up study","volume":"58","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1285","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2986","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes of prenatally diagnosed congenital pulmonary malformations","volume":"133","author":"Stirnemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.11.048","article-title":"Management and Outcomes of Patients with High-Risk (Congenital Lung Malformation Volume Ratio \u2265 1.6) Congenital Lung Malformations","volume":"295","author":"Montgomery","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.07.035","article-title":"Maternal Steroids in High-Risk Congenital Lung Malformations","volume":"280","author":"Mehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.012","article-title":"High-risk fetal congenital pulmonary airway malformations have a variable response to steroids","volume":"44","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000103298","article-title":"Effect of maternal betamethasone administration on prenatal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation growth and fetal survival","volume":"22","author":"Peranteau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2003.50089","article-title":"Resolution of hydrops fetalis in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation after prenatal steroid therapy","volume":"38","author":"Tsao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.11.004","article-title":"The Effect of Steroids on Prenatally Diagnosed Lung Lesions","volume":"59","author":"Gallagher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.019","article-title":"Thoracoamniotic shunts for the management of fetal lung lesions and pleural effusions: A single-institution review and predictors of survival in 75 cases","volume":"50","author":"Peranteau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.08.019","article-title":"In-utero treatment of prenatal thoracic abnormalities by thoraco-amniotic shunts, short and long term neuro developmental outcome: A single center experience","volume":"57","author":"Rosenblat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.10.028","article-title":"The long-term outcome following thoraco-amniotic shunting for congenital lung malformations","volume":"58","author":"Muntean","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13304","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary sequestration with massive pleural effusion: Pleuroamniotic shunting vs intrafetal vascular laser ablation","volume":"44","author":"Mallmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2004.10.022","article-title":"Asymptomatic congenital lung malformations","volume":"14","author":"Laberge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.12.018","article-title":"Neonatal congenital pulmonary airway malformation associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma and KRAS mutations","volume":"57","author":"Muntean","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei171","article-title":"Anaesthetic management of a neonate with congenital cyst adenoid malformation","volume":"95","author":"Guruswamy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.69313","article-title":"Failed sevoflurane induction of anesthesia in a child affected by congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs","volume":"4","author":"Takrouri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth. Essays Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.02.013","article-title":"Lung protective ventilation during pulmonary resection in children: A prospective, single-centre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005077","article-title":"An Update on One-Lung Ventilation in Children","volume":"132","author":"Templeton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.165855","article-title":"Lung isolation, one-lung ventilation and hypoxaemia during lung isolation","volume":"59","author":"Purohit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"101","article-title":"Anesthetic management of a neonate with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation","volume":"63","author":"Tominaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Masui"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.02.011","article-title":"Is congenital lobar emphysema a surgical disease?","volume":"41","author":"Konen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2015.02.003","article-title":"The argument for operative approach to asymptomatic lung lesions","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2015.01.014","article-title":"The argument for a non-operative approach to asymptomatic lung lesions","volume":"24","author":"Stanton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.10.032","article-title":"Outcomes after postnatal resection of prenatally diagnosed asymptomatic cystic lung lesions","volume":"43","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2014.0350","article-title":"Two decades of experience with thoracoscopic lobectomy in infants and children: Standardizing techniques for advanced thoracoscopic surgery","volume":"25","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.11.022","article-title":"Surgical versus conservative management of congenital pulmonary airway malformation in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Kapralik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210471","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210471","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of CT scans and cancer risk: The state of the science","volume":"94","author":"Pasqual","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e071989","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-071989","article-title":"COllaborative Neonatal Network for the first European CPAM Trial (CONNECT): A study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Kersten","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3914-x","article-title":"Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects: Prenatal imaging by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"48","author":"Victoria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-021-04978-z","article-title":"Omphalocele: National current birth prevalence and survival","volume":"37","author":"Caldeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7536.250","article-title":"The incidence of gastroschisis","volume":"332","author":"Kilby","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of abdominal wall defects","volume":"16","author":"Panitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Puri, P. (2023). Chapter 79: Omphalocele. Pediatric Surgery: General Principles and Newborn Surgery, Springer."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Puri, P. (2023). Chapter 80: Gastroschisis. Pediatric Surgery: General Principles and Newborn Surgery, Springer."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S188014","article-title":"Prune belly syndrome: Current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Arlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"44","article-title":"Respiratory support in the absence of abdominal muscles: A case study of ventilatory management in prune belly syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Apostel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"30","article-title":"Action of costal and crural parts of the diaphragm on the rib cage in dog","volume":"53","author":"Sampson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(85)80217-7","article-title":"Respiratory insufficiency in newborns with abdominal wall defects","volume":"20","author":"Hershenson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.134.3.485","article-title":"Radiography of stillborn fetuses and infants dying at birth","volume":"134","author":"Griscom","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/15513818909022331","article-title":"Pulmonary hypoplasia in infants with giant abdominal wall defects","volume":"9","author":"Argyle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.08.014","article-title":"Delayed management of giant omphalocele using silver sulfadiazine cream: An 18-year experience","volume":"47","author":"Ein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.06.032","article-title":"Predicting adverse neonatal outcomes in fetuses with abdominal wall defects using prenatal risk factors","volume":"201","author":"Nicholas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02841.x","article-title":"Three-dimensional ultrasound fetal lung volumes and infant respiratory outcome: A prospective observational study","volume":"118","author":"Prendergast","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2023-0528","article-title":"Prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by the chest radiographic thoracic area on day one in infants with exomphalos","volume":"52","author":"Krishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90026-H","article-title":"Impaired respiratory function in infants with anterior abdominal wall defects","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0833-6","article-title":"Measurement of functional residual capacity by helium dilution during partial support ventilation: In vitro accuracy and in vivo precision of the method","volume":"33","author":"Milan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90096-3","article-title":"Serial lung volume measurements during the perinatal period in infants with abdominal wall defects","volume":"33","author":"Laubscher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2024-0102","article-title":"Chest radiographic thoracic areas and respiratory outcomes in infants with anterior abdominal wall defects","volume":"52","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(96)90671-5","article-title":"Temporary impairment of lung function in infants with anterior abdominal wall defects who have undergone surgery","volume":"31","author":"Dimitriou","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(80)80770-6","article-title":"The problem of \u201cgiant\u201d omphalocele","volume":"15","author":"Towne","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-007-2034-3","article-title":"Prenatal detection of pulmonary hypoplasia in giant omphalocele","volume":"24","author":"Kamata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000334284","article-title":"Fetal MRI-calculated total lung volumes in the prediction of short-term outcome in giant omphalocele: Preliminary findings","volume":"31","author":"Danzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(05)80329-X","article-title":"Bladder pressure monitoring significantly enhances care of infants with abdominal wall defects: A prospective clinical study","volume":"28","author":"Lacey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(96)00401-1","article-title":"Improved survival of infants with omphalocele","volume":"173","author":"Dunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"837","article-title":"A new method for the staged repair of large omphaloceles","volume":"125","author":"Schuster","year":"1967","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2906-z","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: Updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90002-1","article-title":"Elective delayed reduction and no anesthesia: \u2018minimal intervention management\u2019 for gastrochisis","volume":"33","author":"Bianchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0321-1","article-title":"Sutureless closure: A versatile treatment for the diverse presentations of gastroschisis","volume":"39","author":"Grabski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.02.014","article-title":"Sutureless vs Sutured Gastroschisis Closure: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"224","author":"Bruzoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.01.040","article-title":"A \u201cplastic\u201d sutureless abdominal wall closure in gastroschisis","volume":"39","author":"Sandler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.01.026","article-title":"Exomphalos major: Conservative management using Manuka honey dressings and an outreach surgical nursing team","volume":"56","author":"Lawrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2003.50079","article-title":"Improved outcomes in the treatment of gastroschisis using a preformed silo and delayed repair approach","volume":"38","author":"Schlatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-007-2004-9","article-title":"Benefit of preformed silos in the management of gastroschisis","volume":"23","author":"Allotey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15113.1","article-title":"Developing and implementing an interventional bundle to reduce mortality from gastroschisis in low-resource settings","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-024-05828-4","article-title":"Improving care and survival of newborns with surgical conditions in Tanzania (TINY Tanzania): A focus on gastroschisis","volume":"40","author":"Philipo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1973.01350200086020","article-title":"Gastroschisis: Ten-year review","volume":"107","author":"Lewis","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(80)80771-8","article-title":"Gastroschisis: Primary closure or Silon pouch","volume":"15","author":"Ein","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950120309","article-title":"Pulmonary dysfunction after primary closure of an abdominal wall defect and its improvement with bronchodilators","volume":"12","author":"Nakayama","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.06.006","article-title":"Assessment of early pulmonary function abnormalities in giant omphalocele survivors","volume":"47","author":"Danzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.11.034","article-title":"Minor and giant omphalocele: Long-term outcomes and quality of life","volume":"44","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2003.50083","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary performances in young children and adolescents born with large abdominal wall defects","volume":"38","author":"Zaccara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/3\/273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:41:35Z","timestamp":1760028095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/3\/273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children12030273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12030273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]}}}