{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:11:10Z","timestamp":1785222670526,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.","award":["1R15HD110941-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15HD110941-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R15HD110941-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15HD110941-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the interactions between joint angular kinematics and gross motor function in typically developing healthy Ghanaian children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 150 (69 (46.0%), 3.25 \u00b1 0.08-year-old boys and 81 (54.0%), 3.25 \u00b1 0.06-year-old girls) 2\u20134-year-old children were recruited. Joint angular kinematic variables [left hip flexion (LHF), left hip extension (LHE), right hip flexion (RHF), left knee flexion (LKF), right hip extension (RHE), left knee extension (LKE), right knee flexion (RKF), left ankle dorsi-flexion (LADF), right knee extension (RKE), right ankle plantar flexion (RAPF), left ankle plantar flexion (LAPF), and right ankle dorsi-flexion (RADF)] and gross motor function (lying and rolling, sitting, crawling and kneeling, standing, and walking, running, and jumping) were measured with standard scales. Results: The correlations between lying and rolling vs. RHE (r = 0.221; p-value &lt; 0.01), LKE (r = \u22120.267; p-value &lt; 0.01), LAPF (r = 0.264; p-value &lt; 0.01), and RADF (r = 0.240; p-value &lt; 0.01); crawling and kneeling vs. LKE (r = 0.196; p-value &lt; 0.05) and RADF (r = 0.188; p-value &lt; 0.05); and walking, running, and jumping vs. LKE (r = \u22120.214; p-value &lt; 0.01) and RADF (r = \u22120.207; p-value &lt; 0.05) were significant. Conclusions: There was a negative correlation between joint angular kinematics and total gross motor function in this sampled population. Typically, developing healthy children should be exposed to a range of motion, flexibility, and active transportation programs for optimal active lifestyles and improvements in gross motor skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12030280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:13:18Z","timestamp":1740463998000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Joint Angular Kinematics and Gross Motor Function in Typically Developing Healthy Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-9551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monday Omoniyi","family":"Moses","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngozi Florence","family":"Onuegbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince De-Gualle","family":"Deku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Abena","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia Boampong","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigael Omowumi","family":"Emikpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6476-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Babatunde","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University in Irvine, Irvine, CA 92866, USA"},{"name":"Myers School of Nursing and Health Professions, York College of Pennsylvania, York, PA 17403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9836-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Soangra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University in Irvine, Irvine, CA 92866, USA"},{"name":"Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiboye Cheduko","family":"Yifieyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas Akinwale","family":"Titiloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2022.2045409","article-title":"Gross motor disorders in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and survivors: A systematic review","volume":"39","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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