{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1777014037281,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gingivitis and periodontitis are microbially associated diseases, with some features characteristic of pediatric age and others linked to systemic diseases. While the role of periodontal pathogenic bacteria is well recognized, the contribution of fungi and viruses, particularly Herpesviridae, remains controversial. Studies in adults have highlighted the presence of Herpesviridae, but evidence in pediatric subjects, especially systemically compromised, is limited. This systematic review aimed to assess periodontal status (e.g., health, gingivitis, periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, and\/or periodontitis) and the subgingival and\/or salivary microbial (bacterial, viral, and fungal) profile in systemically compromised pediatric (\u226418 years) subjects with gingivitis and\/or periodontitis compared to clinical periodontal health. Methods: The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024597695) and followed the PRISMA statement. Data from eight studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through ROBINS-I and JBI tools. Results: CMV was frequently detected, particularly in necrotizing gingivitis (19.40%). EBV was found in necrotizing gingivitis (20.69%) and periodontitis (10.34%); HSV was mainly associated with gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis. Bacteria species in periodontitis included Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium, and Campylobacter species. Candida albicans was detected in periodontitis, suggesting a fungal involvement in the disease\u2019s pathogenesis. Although the bacterial and fungal profile was not investigated, limited viral presence was noted in subjects with healthy periodontium, indicating a stable microbiome. Conclusions: These findings underscore the dynamics of microbial interactions in the progression of periodontal disease in systemically compromised pediatric subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12030375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T15:24:56Z","timestamp":1742225096000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5458-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Di Spirito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Di Palo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6834-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"De Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Rizki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3321-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12946","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus Report of Workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01256.x","article-title":"Innovations in Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology","volume":"35","author":"Sanz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12935","article-title":"A New Classification Scheme for Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions\u2014Introduction and Key Changes from the 1999 Classification","volume":"45","author":"Caton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","article-title":"Staging and Grading of Periodontitis: Framework and Proposal of a New Classification and Case Definition","volume":"89","author":"Tonetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhard, N., Thurnheer, T., Kreutzer, S., Gm\u00fcr, R.D., Attin, T., Russo, G., and Karygianni, L. (2021). Necrotizing Gingivitis: Microbial Diversity and Quantification of Protein Secretion in Necrotizing Gingivitis. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10101197"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12022","article-title":"Acute Periodontal Lesions","volume":"65","author":"Herrera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/70417","article-title":"The Relationship between Oral Hygiene Level and Gingivitis in Children","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.38.2.j525742137780336","article-title":"The Potential Lifespan Impact of Gingivitis and Periodontitis in Children","volume":"38","author":"Bimstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.2260104.x","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of Periodontitis in Children and Adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Kinane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080022001","article-title":"Microbial Ecology of Dental Plaque and Its Significance in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Marsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.010","article-title":"The Oralome and Its Dysbiosis: New Insights into Oral Microbiome-Host Interactions","volume":"19","author":"Radaic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.11.006","article-title":"The Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"69","author":"Wade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.16140","article-title":"Bacterial Interactions in Dental Biofilm","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The Oral Microbiota: Dynamic Communities and Host Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2012.00663.x","article-title":"Beyond the Red Complex and into More Complexity: The Polymicrobial Synergy and Dysbiosis (PSD) Model of Periodontal Disease Etiology","volume":"27","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00350.x","article-title":"Microbial Shift and Periodontitis","volume":"55","author":"Berezow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, R., and Elena, S.F. (2021). The Interplay between the Host Microbiome and Pathogenic Viral Infections. mBio, 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02496-21"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12119","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a Potent Immunoregulator of the Periodontal Host Defense System and Alveolar Bone Homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Herbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fine, D.H., Patil, A.G., and Velusamy, S.K. (2019). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) Under the Radar: Myths and Misunderstandings of Aa and Its Role in Aggressive Periodontitis. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00728"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00653-07","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Its Relationship to Initiation of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis: Longitudinal Cohort Study of Initially Healthy Adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Fine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00308.x","article-title":"Herpesviral-Bacterial Interactions in Periodontal Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Slots","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"393","article-title":"Herpesvirus Periodontitis: Infection Beyond Biofilm","volume":"39","author":"Slots","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Calif. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00109.x","article-title":"Herpesviruses in Periodontal Diseases","volume":"38","author":"Slots","year":"2005","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873","article-title":"The Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"63","article-title":"Association between Candida Species and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Sethuraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S183","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.16-0480","article-title":"Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Conditions That Affect the Periodontal Attachment Apparatus: Case Definitions and Diagnostic Considerations","volume":"89","author":"Albandar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0794-5","article-title":"Periodontitis and Diabetes","volume":"227","author":"Preshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1","article-title":"Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions","volume":"4","author":"Armitage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-024-00363-6","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship Between Oral Health and Down Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Botero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","article-title":"Periodontitis: From Microbial Immune Subversion to Systemic Inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001","article-title":"Association between Periodontal Pathogens and Systemic Disease","volume":"42","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A12","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12","article-title":"The Well-Built Clinical Question: A Key to Evidence-Based Decisions","volume":"123","author":"Richardson","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACP J. Club"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.12.003","article-title":"A 17-Year Old Patient with DOCK8 Deficiency, Severe Oral HSV-1 and Aggressive Periodontitis\u2014A Case of Virally Induced Periodontitis?","volume":"63","author":"Betts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1997.tb00389.x","article-title":"Human Herpesviridae in Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis in Children in Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Contreras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.3.376","article-title":"Herpesviruses and Periodontopathic Bacteria in Trisomy 21 Periodontitis","volume":"71","author":"Hanookai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.11.1601","article-title":"Aggressive Periodontitis Associated with Fanconi\u2019s Anemia. A Case Report","volume":"72","author":"Nowzari","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000300007","article-title":"Lack of association between herpesvirus detection in saliva and gingivitis in hiv-infected children","volume":"57","author":"Otero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0913","article-title":"Hydroa Vacciniforme with Mucosal Involvement and Recalcitrant Periodontitis and Multiple Virus Re-Activators after Sun-Exposure","volume":"90","author":"Satoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.1999.260910.x","article-title":"Microbiological Features of Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre Syndrome Periodontitis","volume":"26","author":"Velazco","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2006.00250.x","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Herpesviruses in Kostmann Syndrome Periodontitis Using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Case Report","volume":"21","author":"Yildirim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Tang, Z., Hu, R., Gu, M., and Yang, Y. (2023). Ageing and Inflammation: What Happens in Periodontium?. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111274"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, M., Kelly, R., Mohajeri, A., Reese, L., Badawi, S., Frost, C., Sevathas, T., and Lipsky, M.S. (2023). Factors Associated with Periodontitis in Younger Individuals: A Scoping Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206442"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes, A., Botelho, J., Mendes, J.J., Delgado, A.S., Machado, V., and Proen\u00e7a, L. (2022). Geographical Distribution of Periodontitis Risk and Prevalence in Portugal Using Multivariable Data Mining and Modeling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013634"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaharyar, S.A., Bernab\u00e9, E., and Delgado-Angulo, E.K. (2021). The Intersections of Ethnicity, Nativity Status and Socioeconomic Position in Relation to Periodontal Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in London, England. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910519"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Abreu, M.H.N.G., Cruz, A.J.S., Borges-Oliveira, A.C., de Castro Martins, R., and de Freitas Mattos, F. (2021). Perspectives on Social and Environmental Determinants of Oral Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413429"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00355-7","article-title":"The Perception of COVID-19 among Italian Dental Patients: An Orthodontic Point of View","volume":"22","author":"Martina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georges, F.M., Do, N.T., and Seleem, D. (2022). Oral Dysbiosis and Systemic Diseases. Front. Dent. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2022.995423"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518805739","article-title":"The Oral Microbiota Is Modified by Systemic Diseases","volume":"98","author":"Graves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Pisano, M., Caggiano, M., De Benedetto, G., Di Palo, M.P., Franci, G., and Amato, M. (2024). Human Herpesviruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12010039"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25002","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.25002","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in down Syndrome: Predisposing Factors and Potential non-surgical Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"38","author":"Ghaffarpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2010.00134.x","article-title":"Periodontal Health in Down Syndrome: Contributions of Mental Disability, Personal, and Professional Dental Care","volume":"30","author":"Khocht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dent."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2018.03.010","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome","volume":"149","author":"Scalioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2007.tb00347.x","article-title":"Salivary Parameters in Infants Aged 12 to 60 Months with Down Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Siqueira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12258","article-title":"Reduced Salivary Flow Rate and High Levels of Oxidative Stress in Whole Saliva of Children with Down Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Domingues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dent."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., Cannat\u00e0, D., D\u2019Ant\u00f2, V., Giordano, F., and Martina, S. (2023). Impact of Clear Aligners versus Fixed Appliances on Periodontal Status of Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11091340"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.06.003","article-title":"DOCK8 Deficiency: Insights into Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Management","volume":"181","author":"Biggs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.18","article-title":"The Gingipains: Scissors and Glue of the Periodontal Pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"4","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Futur. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciaston, I., Budziaszek, J., Satala, D., Potempa, B., Fuchs, A., Rapala-Kozik, M., Mizgalska, D., Dobosz, E., Lamont, R.J., and Potempa, J. (2022). Proteolytic Activity-Independent Activation of the Immune Response by Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis. mBio, 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03787-21"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Shi, T., Li, Y., Huang, L., and Yin, D. (2022). Fusobacterium Nucleatum: The Opportunistic Pathogen of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.860149"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050191","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in Patients from the Original Kostmann Family with Severe Congenital Neutropenia","volume":"77","author":"Carlsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12171","article-title":"Nucleases from Prevotella intermedia Can Degrade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"32","author":"Doke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudhakara, P., Gupta, A., Bhardwaj, A., and Wilson, A. (2018). Oral Dysbiotic Communities and Their Implications in Systemic Diseases. Dent. J., 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201803.0170.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12209","article-title":"Progression of Attachment Loss Is Strongly Associated with Presence of the JP2 Genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: A Prospective Cohort Study of a Young Adolescent Population","volume":"41","author":"Kwamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral Biofilms: Pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12472","article-title":"The Microbiome\u2013Systemic Diseases Connection","volume":"22","author":"Harmsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12899","article-title":"Biodiversity of the Human Oral Mycobiome in Health and Disease","volume":"25","author":"Bandara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael, H., Amimo, J.O., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., and Vlasova, A.N. (2022). Mechanisms of Kwashiorkor-Associated Immune Suppression: Insights from Human, Mouse, and Pig Studies. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.826268"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12147","article-title":"Microbial Colonization of the Periodontal Pocket and Its Significance for Periodontal Therapy","volume":"76","author":"Mombelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.02.006","article-title":"Herpesvirus Infections Potentiated by Biologics","volume":"34","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20231511","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20231511","article-title":"CD4+ T Cells with Latent HIV-1 Have Reduced Proliferative Responses to T Cell Receptor Stimulation","volume":"221","author":"Kufera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"11093","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers of Developmental Gingival Enlargements in Patients with West and Noonan Syndromes: A Preliminary Pilot Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"27","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent-Bugnas, S., Vitale, S., Mouline, C.C., Khaali, W., Charbit, Y., Mahler, P., Pr\u00eacheur, I., Hofman, P., Maryanski, J.L., and Doglio, A. (2013). EBV Infection Is Common in Gingival Epithelial Cells of the Periodontium and Worsens during Chronic Periodontitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080336"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoe, S., Hasuike, A., Watanabe, N., Tanaka, H., Karahashi, H., Wakuda, S., Takeichi, O., Kawato, T., Takai, H., and Ogata, Y. (2022). Epstein-Barr Virus Promotes the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Gingival Fibroblasts and RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation in RAW264.7 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020809"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05789-x","article-title":"Cytokine Levels in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Their Association with Periodontal Status of down Syndrome Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"28","author":"Mouchrek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contaldo, M., Lucchese, A., Romano, A., Della Vella, F., Di Stasio, D., Serpico, R., and Petruzzi, M. (2021). Oral Microbiota Features in Subjects with Down Syndrome and Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179251"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2018.3490","article-title":"Hydroa Vacciniforme: A Distinctive Form of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"29","author":"Iwatsuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00448.x","article-title":"Biology and Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus in Periodontal Disease","volume":"64","author":"Contreras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00325.x","article-title":"Human Viruses in Periodontitis","volume":"53","author":"Slots","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00220.x","article-title":"HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8 in Gingival Biopsies from Chronic Adult Periodontitis Patients","volume":"30","author":"Cassai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.6.502","article-title":"Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Gingival Tissue","volume":"63","author":"Amit","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onwuamah, C.K., Feng, N., Momoh, A.E., Uwandu, M., Ahmed, R.A., Idigbe, I., Vincent, G.D., Ogbu, C.A., Okonkwo, N., and Sokei, J. (2023). Prevalence and Risk Factors for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection among Women from Three Southern Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1254304"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Pantaleo, G., Di Palo, M.P., Amato, A., Raimondo, A., and Amato, M. (2023). Oral Human Papillomavirus Benign Lesions and HPV-Related Cancer in Healthy Children: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041096"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosmas, N.T., Nimzing, L., Egah, D., Famooto, A., Adebamowo, S.N., and Adebamowo, C.A. (2022). Prevalence of Vaginal HPV Infection among Adolescent and Early Adult Girls in Jos, North-Central Nigeria. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07215-7"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211727","article-title":"Viral Interference between Respiratory Viruses","volume":"28","author":"Piret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy184","article-title":"Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection","volume":"218","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","article-title":"Virus\u2013Virus Interactions Impact the Population Dynamics of Influenza and the Common Cold","volume":"116","author":"Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52905-2","article-title":"Viral-Bacterial Co-Infections Screen in Vitro Reveals Molecular Processes Affecting Pathogen Proliferation and Host Cell Viability","volume":"15","author":"Walch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00353.x","article-title":"Comparison of the Clinical Features of Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis","volume":"53","author":"Armitage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12629","article-title":"Periodontal Status of Individuals with Down Syndrome: Sociodemographic, Behavioural and Family Perception Influence","volume":"63","author":"Nuernberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535321","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/535321","article-title":"Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis and Its Treatment Options: Case Reports and Review of the Literature","volume":"2012","author":"Roshna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01053.x","article-title":"Effects of Cytomegalovirus Infection on the MRNA Expression of Collagens and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Gingival Fibroblasts","volume":"43","author":"Botero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070252","article-title":"Subgingival Human Cytomegalovirus Correlates with Increased Clinical Periodontal Parameters and Bacterial Coinfection in Periodontitis","volume":"78","author":"Botero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2018.03.001","article-title":"Herpesvirus-Encoded MicroRNAs Detected in Human Gingiva Alter Host Cell Transcriptome and Regulate Viral Infection","volume":"1861","author":"Naqvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12404","article-title":"Human and Herpesvirus MicroRNAs in Periodontal Disease","volume":"87","author":"Naqvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e337","article-title":"Oral Health in Children with Physical (Cerebral Palsy) and Intellectual (Down Syndrome) Disabilities: Systematic Review I","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alibrandi, A., Zirilli, A., Loschiavo, F., Gangemi, M.C., Sindoni, A., Tribulato, G., Lo Giudice, R., and Fam\u00e0, F. (2023). Food Selectivity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Statistical Analysis in Southern Italy. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10091553"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Amato, A., Di Palo, M.P., Cannat\u00e0, D., Giordano, F., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., and Martina, S. (2023). Periodontal Management in Periodontally Healthy Orthodontic Patients with Fixed Appliances: An Umbrella Review of Self-Care Instructions and Evidence-Based Recommendations. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11020035"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12396","article-title":"The Human Oral Virome: Shedding Light on the Dark Matter","volume":"87","author":"Kuraji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2004.00728.x","article-title":"Herpesviral\u2013Bacterial Interrelationships in Aggressive Periodontitis","volume":"39","author":"Saygun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atyeo, N., Rodriguez, M.D., Papp, B., and Toth, Z. (2021). Clinical Manifestations and Epigenetic Regulation of Oral Herpesvirus Infections. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040681"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12241","article-title":"Periodontal Herpesvirus Morbidity and Treatment","volume":"79","author":"Slots","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12258","article-title":"Focal Infection of Periodontal Origin","volume":"79","author":"Slots","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1459571","article-title":"Relationship between Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Infection and Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Nobre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.10.5721-5730.2003","article-title":"Multiple Viral Genetic Analyses Detect Low-Level Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication during Effective Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"77","author":"Frenkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002002","article-title":"Increase in HSV Shedding at Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy and Decrease in Shedding over Time on Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV and HSV-2 Infected Persons","volume":"32","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0127","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Invasion Induces Interleukin-1\u03b2 Production Through Reactive Oxygen Species and Cathepsin B","volume":"35","author":"Okinaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subbarao, K., Nattuthurai, G., Sundararajan, S., Sujith, I., Joseph, J., and Syedshah, Y. (2019). Gingival Crevicular Fluid: An Overview. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_56_19"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preian\u00f2, M., Savino, R., Villella, C., Pelaia, C., and Terracciano, R. (2020). Gingival Crevicular Fluid Peptidome Profiling in Healthy and in Periodontal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155270"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Y., and Robertson, E.S. (2020). The Crosstalk of Epigenetics and Metabolism in Herpesvirus Infection. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121377"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumbria, D., Berber, E., Mathayan, M., and Rouse, B.T. (2021). Virus Infections and Host Metabolism\u2014Can We Manage the Interactions?. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594963"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grinde, B. (2013). Herpesviruses: Latency and Reactivation\u2014Viral Strategies and Host Response. J. Oral Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.22766"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05762","article-title":"Herpesvirus Latency Confers Symbiotic Protection from Bacterial Infection","volume":"447","author":"Barton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miguel, M.M.V., and Shaddox, L.M. (2024). Grade C Molar-Incisor Pattern Periodontitis in Young Adults: What Have We Learned So Far?. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070580"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001","article-title":"Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Virulence Factors in Periodontitis","volume":"120","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12356","article-title":"Impact of Systemic Factors in Shaping the Periodontal Microbiome","volume":"85","author":"Teles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106502","article-title":"Effect of Antibiotics on the Human Microbiome: A Systematic Review","volume":"59","author":"Matukane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105138","article-title":"Candida Species in Periodontitis: A New Villain or a New Target?","volume":"148","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-020-0994-2","article-title":"FLAG-Sequential Regimen Followed by Bone Marrow Transplantation for Myelodysplastic Syndrome or Acute Leukemia in Patients with Fanconi Anemia: A Franco-Brazilian Study","volume":"56","author":"Debureaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2022000393","article-title":"Modern Management of Fanconi Anemia","volume":"2022","author":"Dufour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12059","article-title":"A Review of the Evidence for Pathogenic Mechanisms That May Link Periodontitis and Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.106","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis: A Tale of Two Common Interrelated Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Lalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12803","article-title":"An Update on the Evidence for Pathogenic Mechanisms That May Link Periodontitis and Diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Polak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2023.12.002","article-title":"The Bidirectional Association between Diabetes and Periodontitis, from Basic to Clinical","volume":"60","author":"Shinjo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12808","article-title":"Scientific Evidence on the Links between Periodontal Diseases and Diabetes: Consensus Report and Guidelines of the Joint Workshop on Periodontal Diseases and Diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachtiar, E.W., Bachtiar, B.M., Jarosz, L.M., Amir, L.R., Sunarto, H., Ganin, H., Meijler, M.M., and Krom, B.P. (2014). AI-2 of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Inhibits Candida albicans Biofilm Formation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00094"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, L., Han, N., Du, J., Guo, L., Luo, Z., and Liu, Y. (2019). Pathogenesis of Important Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis via Toll-Like Receptors. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00262"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905506","article-title":"Combined Immunodeficiency Associated with DOCK8 Mutations","volume":"361","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00457-6","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Candida Species in the Oral Microbiota of Individuals with Down Syndrome: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"185","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4248\/ijos.08006","article-title":"Commensal Oral Candida in Asian Cohorts","volume":"1","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12022","article-title":"Association of Subgingival Colonization of Candida albicans and Other Yeasts with Severity of Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"48","author":"Canabarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01532-12","article-title":"Enrichment of Multilocus Sequence Typing Clade 1 with Oral Candida albicans Isolates in Patients with Untreated Periodontitis","volume":"50","author":"McManus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Ma, Y., Gao, H., Xie, X., Wang, H., Li, X., and Bai, Y. (2024). Supragingival Microbiome Variations and the Influence of Candida albicans in Adolescent Orthodontic Patients with Gingivitis. J. Oral Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2024.2366056"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2011.06.009","article-title":"Candida Albicans Enhances Invasion of Human Gingival Epithelial Cells and Gingival Fibroblasts by Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"51","author":"Tamai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirchner, F.R., Littringer, K., Altmeier, S., Tran, V.D.T., Sch\u00f6nherr, F., Lemberg, C., Pagni, M., Sanglard, D., Joller, N., and LeibundGut-Landmann, S. (2019). Persistence of Candida albicans in the Oral Mucosa Induces a Curbed Inflammatory Host Response That Is Independent of Immunosuppression. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00330"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabri, B., Iken, M., Ait- Ou-amar, S., Rida, S., Bouziane, A., and Ennibi, O.K. (2022). Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in Periodontitis in Adolescents and Young Adults. Int. J. Microbiol., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4625368"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres14040127","article-title":"The Interaction between the Oral Microbiome and Systemic Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Pisano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13276","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13276","article-title":"Clinical, Immunological and Molecular Findings of Patients with DOCK-8 Deficiency from India","volume":"98","author":"Gowri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12723","article-title":"Insights into Immunity from Clinical and Basic Science Studies of DOCK 8 Immunodeficiency Syndrome","volume":"287","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W.A., Dou, Y., Fletcher, H.M., and Boskovic, D.S. (2023). Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020470"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaakoush, N.O., and Mitchell, H.M. (2012). Campylobacter Concisus\u2014A New Player in Intestinal Disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00004"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20887","article-title":"Risk of Herpesvirus, Serious and Opportunistic Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: A Population-based Cohort Study","volume":"186","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9929835","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9929835","article-title":"Factors Associated with Periodontitis in Patients with and without HIV","volume":"2023","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S236304","article-title":"Factors Associated with Oral Candidiasis in People Living with HIV\/AIDS: A Case Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Suryana","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS\u2014Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng, S., Kim, H.H., Meng, H.-W., Tribble, G.D., and Chang, J. (2022). Necrotizing Periodontal Disease in a Nutritionally Deficient Patient: A Case Report. Front. Dent. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2022.994442"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwene-Batu, P., Bisimwa, G., Donnen, P., Bisimwa, J., Tshongo, C., Dramaix, M., Hermans, M.P., and Briend, A. (2022). Risk of Chronic Disease after an Episode of Marasmus, Kwashiorkor or Mixed\u2013Type Severe Acute Malnutrition in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The Lwiro Follow-Up Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122465"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1986.57.3.141","article-title":"Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinon, P., Fraticelli, L., Giboreau, A., Dussart, C., Bourgeois, D., and Carrouel, F. (2021). Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020197"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casarin, M., da Silveira, T.M., Bezerra, B., Pirih, F.Q., and Pola, N.M. (2023). Association between Different Dietary Patterns and Eating Disorders and Periodontal Diseases. Front. Oral Health, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2023.1152031"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f3voa, L., S\u00e1nchez, M.d.C., Blanco, J., Limeres, J., Cuenca, M., Mar\u00edn, M.J., Sanz, M., Herrera, D., and Diz, P. (2020). The Subgingival Microbiome in Patients with Down Syndrome and Periodontitis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082482"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-398","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Approach to Fused Maxillary Central Incisors: A Case Report","volume":"8","author":"Sammartino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, J.R., Iraola-Guzm\u00e1n, S., Saus, E., Ksiezopolska, E., Cozzuto, L., Bejarano, L.A., Andreu-Somavilla, N., Alloza-Trabado, M., Puig-Sola, A., and Blanco, A. (2021). Oral Microbiome in down Syndrome and Its Implications on Oral Health. J. Oral Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2021.1897328"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/3\/375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:55:20Z","timestamp":1760028920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/3\/375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children12030375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12030375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}