{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:05:15Z","timestamp":1760058315323,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["112-2314-B-182A-037","113-2314-B-182A-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2314-B-182A-037","113-2314-B-182A-089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a major concern for adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q) is a valid instrument for assessing a wide variety of CPV behaviors and the reasons; however, the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of CPV-Q (C-CPV-Q) in adolescents with ADHD have not been examined yet. This study examined the psychometric properties of both child and parent versions of C-CPV-Q in adolescents with ADHD. Participants and Methods: In total, 247 adolescents with ADHD and their parents participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to examine the factor structure for CPV types and reasons. Internal consistency, cross-validation, and concurrent validity of the parent and child versions of C-CPV-Q were also evaluated. Results: The results of CFA found that both child and parent versions of the C-CPV-Q contained four domains of CPV types and two domains of CPV reasons in adolescents with ADHD. The correlations between parent and child reports of the C-CPV-Q assessing the same factors were stronger than those assessing different factors. Concurrent validity of the C-CPV-Q was supported by their positive correlations with internalizing, externalizing, attention deficit\/hyperactivity, oppositional defiant, and conduct problems. Except for the financial aggression factor, the entire C-CPV-Q had acceptable internal consistency. Conclusions: The results indicate that the child and parent versions of the C-CPV-Q are valid instruments for assessing a wide variety of CPV behaviors and the reasons among adolescents with ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12040408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T13:48:20Z","timestamp":1742824100000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7371-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Shu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83341, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2129-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"},{"name":"Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray C.","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seattle Children\u2019s, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Fang","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibabe, I. (2020). A systematic review of youth-to-parent aggression: Conceptualization, typologies, and instruments. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.577757"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241246033","article-title":"Child-to-parent violence and abuse: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Rogers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.11.001","article-title":"Sixty years of child-to-parent abuse research: What we know and where to go","volume":"38","author":"Simmons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.23923\/j.rips.2024.02.078","article-title":"To what extent is child-to-parent violence known in Latin America? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Contreras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Salud"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X19842587","article-title":"\u201cBut all kids yell at their parents, don\u2019t they?\u201d: Social norms about child-to-parent abuse in Australia","volume":"40","author":"Simmons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"General Prosecutor\u2019s Office of Spain (2025, January 21). Annual Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.fiscal.es\/documents\/20142\/133838\/MEMORIA+-+2018.pdf\/b1b10006-1758-734a-e3e5-2844bd9e5858?t=1536823985957."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcv072","article-title":"Adolescent-to-parent violence in adoptive families","volume":"46","author":"Selwyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-017-9928-1","article-title":"\u201cGive me some space\u201d: Exploring youth to parent aggression and violence","volume":"33","author":"Gabriel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"NP5678","article-title":"Adolescents who are violent toward their parents: An approach to the situation in Chile","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP13581","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211006370","article-title":"Family environment and child-to-parent violence: The role of emotional insecurity","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Moral, G., Su\u00e1rez-Relinque, C., Callejas, J.E., and Musitu, G. (2019). Child-to-parent violence: Attitude towards authority, social reputation and school climate. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132384"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X211065588","article-title":"A deeper understanding of child to parent violence (CPV): Personal traits, family context, and parenting","volume":"67","author":"Cuervo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, A., Skvarc, D., Brittain, N., Miller, P.G., Mayshak, R., and Harries, T. (2025). Parent substance use and child-to-parent violence: A brief report. Drug Alcohol Rev.","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.14031"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter, N. (2023). \u201cMy [search strategies] keep missing you\u201d: A scoping review to map child-to-parent violence in childhood aggression literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054176"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navas-Mart\u00ednez, M.J., and Cano-Lozano, M.C. (2023). Relationship between child-to-parent violence and cumulative childhood adversity: The mediating role of parental attachment, resilience, and emotional intelligence. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1135419"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211053618","article-title":"A systematic review of child to parent violence interventions","volume":"24","author":"Keevers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","article-title":"Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales","volume":"41","author":"Straus","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.05.008","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 aggression to parents: Longitudinal links with parents\u2019 physical aggression","volume":"55","author":"Margolin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-013-9512-2","article-title":"Risk factor for child-to-parent violence","volume":"28","author":"Ibabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.08.017","article-title":"The Adolescent Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire: An examination of aggressions against parents in Spanish adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Calvete","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2018.09.001","article-title":"Child-to-parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q): Validation among Spanish adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Contreras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras, L., Le\u00f3n, S.P., and Cano-Lozano, M.C. (2020). Assessing child-to-parent violence with the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire, Parents\u2019 Version (CPV-Q-P): Factor structure, prevalence, and reasons. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.604956"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715587099","article-title":"ADHD in childhood and\/or adulthood as a risk factor for domestic violence or intimate partner violence: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Buitelaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-009-0067-y","article-title":"Risk factors of abuse of parents by their ADHD children","volume":"19","author":"Ghanizadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]. Text Revision.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.35.020184.001303","article-title":"Psychopathology of childhood","volume":"35","author":"Achenbach","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., Dumenci, L., and Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Ratings of Relations Between DSM-IV Diagnostic Categories and Items of the CBCL\/6-18, TRF, and YSR, University of Vermont."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Huang, H.L., and Chao, C.C. (2009). Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, Psychological Publishing."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.11.018","article-title":"Maternal-reported behavioral and emotional problems in Taiwanese preschool children","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200002000-00024","article-title":"Competence and behavioral\/emotional problems among Taiwanese adolescents as reported by parents and teachers","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hoyle, R.H. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications, Sage."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701758349","article-title":"Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis: Locating the invariant referent sets","volume":"15","author":"French","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","article-title":"The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education","volume":"48","author":"Taber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016","article-title":"Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix","volume":"56","author":"Campbell","year":"1959","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Statist. Softw."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2025, February 20). R Package, Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"The Jamovi Project (2025, February 20). Jamovi, Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X03261330","article-title":"Adolescent-to-parent abuse: A qualitative overview of common themes","volume":"25","author":"Cottrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"15","article-title":"Children violence towards parents: An integral definition and their violence cycle","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anu. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012285326937","article-title":"Parent-adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD","volume":"29","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, Y., Tsujii, N., Sasaki, S., Sunakawa, H., Toguchi, Y., Tanase, S., Saito, K., Shinohara, R., Kurokouchi, T., and Sugimoto, K. (2021). Current use of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications and clinical characteristics of child and adolescent psychiatric outpatients prescribed multiple ADHD medications in Japan. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252420"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2017.09.002","article-title":"Intrafamilial disruptive behaviour disorders in children and adolescents: Present data and treatment prospects","volume":"44","author":"Bousquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1174\/021037011797238577","article-title":"Child to parent violence in adolescence: Environmental and individual characteristics","volume":"34","author":"Calvete","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infanc. Aprendiz."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/4\/408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:59:12Z","timestamp":1760029152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/4\/408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children12040408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12040408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]}}}