{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:04:58Z","timestamp":1760058298100,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is one of the primary endocrine-related causes of short stature in pediatric patients; while neonatal GHD symptoms are well-documented in populations with known genetic and\/or organic causes, their exact prevalences in pediatric patients categorized as having idiopathic GHD remains unclear. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with idiopathic GHD followed at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS starting from January 2010. We analyzed information from 190 patients with idiopathic GHD and examined the prevalences of the most common neonatal signs and symptoms of neonatal GHD. We also included an age- and sex-matched control group that consisted of patients without a confirmed diagnosis of GH deficiency to assess significant differences in the frequencies of neonatal symptoms between the two cohorts. Results: Regarding neonatal GHD symptoms, the prevalence was the highest for hypoglycemia (n = 53, 27.9%), which was managed through the intravenous administration of glucose in 21 out of 53 cases. Prolonged jaundice that lasted more than 5 days was observed in 37 patients (19.5%) and required phototherapy in 20 out of 37 patients, while exchange transfusion was not performed in any patient. Hyperglycemia and feeding difficulties (n = 17, 8.9%) were less frequent, while the other symptoms were relatively rare. Compared with the control group, the prevalence of hypoglycemia was significantly higher in the GHD patient group (p-value = 0.000016). Conclusions: In our cohort of pediatric patients with idiopathic GHD, the prevalences of neonatal signs and symptoms of GHD was low, except for neonatal hypoglycemia observed in 27.9% of the analyzed patients. Although these are not specific signs of idiopathic GHD, it is beneficial to investigate this information in the medical history during the clinical assessment of the child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12040430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1743397807000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neonatal Symptoms in Pediatric Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency: Prevalences and Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3711-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Sodero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Perrino Hospital, 72100 Brindisi, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Perrino Hospital, 72100 Brindisi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Rigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Periodic Fever and Rare Diseases Research Centre, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clelia","family":"Cipolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1159\/000452150","article-title":"Guidelines for Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Treatment in Children and Adolescents: Growth Hormone Deficiency, Idiopathic Short Stature, and Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Deficiency","volume":"86","author":"Grimberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Res. 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Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210114"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) from birth to 2 years of age: Diagnostic specifics of GHD during the early phase of life","volume":"60","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.4.629","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemia in a growth hormone registry: Incidence and pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02750985","article-title":"Diagnosis of GH deficiency: Auxologic and GH response criteria","volume":"58","author":"Dash","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian. J. 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Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.600962"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251897","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-251897","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency in a case of septo-optic-dysplasia due to SOX2 mutation: Should we re-test patients during the transition period?","volume":"15","author":"Gasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"33","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and small for gestational age (SGA): Genetic alterations","volume":"30","author":"Jancevska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220504","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-22-0504","article-title":"Diagnosis and testing for growth hormone deficiency across the ages: A global view of the accuracy, caveats, and cut-offs for diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Yuen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/4\/430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:04:50Z","timestamp":1760029490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/4\/430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children12040430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12040430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]}}}