{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:03:19Z","timestamp":1790611399943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) in youth commonly co-occurs with other affective disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the front-line treatment for OCD but may require significant adaptation to treat co-occurring symptoms or complex comorbidity patterns. Preliminary evidence suggests that the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-C\/A) are effective in reducing OCD symptoms. Still, it is not yet known if the UP-C\/A are comparably effective to treat OCD as they are for anxiety and depression, the disorders for which there is the most robust empirical support. Methods: This study compared trajectories of OCD, anxiety, and depression symptom change among 388 youth who received UP-C\/A treatment (M = 15 sessions) at a university-based research clinic. We also examined whether youth with (n = 60) and without (n = 328) an OCD diagnosis demonstrated comparable improvements in anxiety, depression, and transdiagnostic treatment targets (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, cognitive flexibility, and distress tolerance). Results: OCD symptoms improved at a slower rate than anxiety and depression symptoms during the first half of UP-C\/A treatment but at a comparable rate to anxiety and depression symptoms during the second half of treatment. Youth with and without OCD exhibited comparable improvements in anxiety, depression, anxiety sensitivity, cognitive flexibility, and distress tolerance across the treatment course. Conclusions: Findings support the efficacy of UP-C\/A treatment for co-occurring OCD and affective disorders but suggest that initiating exposure earlier in the treatment course may confer additional benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12040529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1745211431000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Are the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents as Effective for OCD as for Anxiety and Depression?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Milgram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison E.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiara R.","family":"Timpano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Ehrenreich-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322126359","article-title":"Functional Impairment in Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Piacentini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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