{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:58Z","timestamp":1787027878803,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of middle ear disorders and associated risk factors that contribute to speech and language developmental delays in children with Down Syndrome. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in 70 children with Down Syndrome between the ages of 1 and 18. Data, including complete physical and otorhinolaryngological examinations, hearing tests, and evaluation of speech and language skills, was compared to a historic typical control group. Results: Recurrent otitis media was significantly higher in the study group (56.5%) compared to the control (26%) (p = 0.05). The rate of conductive hearing loss was significantly higher in the study group (71.2%) compared to the control (14.9%) (p = 0.0001). Conductive hearing loss was statistically associated with delayed speech development (p = 0.046). Conclusions: Middle ear disorders are common in children with Down Syndrome and are associated with conductive hearing loss and delay of speech and language development. This study emphasizes the importance of routine examination of this population by an Otorhinolaryngologist and speech therapist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12050558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T10:42:09Z","timestamp":1745577729000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Middle Ear Disorders in Children with Down Syndrome: The Detrimental Effect on Speech and Language Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Tenenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Hebrew\u2013University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avraham Ben","family":"Yaakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yair","family":"Peled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7119-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malena","family":"Cohen-Cymberknoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Hebrew\u2013University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Averbuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Hebrew\u2013University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1278-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronit","family":"Brodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menachem","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Hebrew\u2013University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.4.432","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: Should all children with Down syndrome be tested?","volume":"132","author":"Shott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. 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