{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:13:25Z","timestamp":1760058805901,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Medical Research Youth Program of the National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders","award":["NCRCCHD-2022-YP-0X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCRCCHD-2022-YP-0X"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) remains a critical health challenge with high mortality rates. Limited data from Western China prompted this study to investigate the characteristics of IHCA using the Utstein style. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 456 pediatric patients with IHCA (2018\u20132022) at the Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University assessed demographics, arrest characteristics, outcomes and mortality risk factors. The primary outcome was survival to discharge; the secondary outcomes included return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) &gt; 20 min, 24 h survival, and favorable neurological outcomes. Logistic regression was used to identify the mortality risk factors. Results: ROSC &gt; 20 min was achieved in 78.07% of cases, with 37.94% surviving to discharge (86.13% of survivors had favorable neurological outcomes). Etiological stratification identified general medical conditions (52.63%) as the predominant diagnoses, with surgical cardiac patients demonstrating superior resuscitation outcomes (ROSC &gt; 20 min: 86.84%, discharge survival: 64.04%). Initial arrest rhythms predominantly featured non-shockable patterns, specifically bradycardia with poor perfusion (79.39%), whereas shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation\/pulseless ventricular tachycardia) constituted only 4.17% of cases. Multivariable regression analysis identified five independent risk factors: vasoactive infusion before arrest (OR = 7.69), CPR &gt; 35 min (OR = 13.92), emergency intubation (OR = 5.17), administration of &gt;2 epinephrine doses (OR = 3.12), and rearrest (OR = 8.48). Notably, prolonged CPR (&gt;35 min) correlated with higher mortality (8.96% survival vs. 48.54% for 1\u201315 min), yet all six survivors with CPR &gt; 35 min had favorable neurological outcomes. Conclusions: These findings underscore the persistent challenges in pediatric IHCA management while challenging the conventional CPR duration thresholds for futility. The identified mortality risk factors inform resuscitation decision making and future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12050579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1746174491000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics, Outcomes and Mortality Risk Factors of Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Western China: A Retrospective Study Using Utstein Style"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6740-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaoyang","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoju","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 401123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005580","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005580","article-title":"Annual Incidence of Adult and Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Holmberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. 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