{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:17:06Z","timestamp":1793114226830,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["110-2314-B-182A-159-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-182A-159-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["113-2314-B-182A-118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-182A-118"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CFRPG8K0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFRPG8K0011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011892","name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2314-B-182A-159-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-182A-159-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011892","name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113-2314-B-182A-118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2314-B-182A-118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011892","name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFRPG8K0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFRPG8K0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Calmodulin is a calcium-signaling protein implicated in cardiac remodeling and could be released extracellularly. It was previously identified as differentially expressed in hypertensive pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study assessed plasma calmodulin as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarker in pediatric CKD and compared it with traditional risk markers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 81 children with CKD aged 3\u201318 years. All underwent clinical assessments and echocardiography; 44 had carotid ultrasound, and 38 completed ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Results: Most participants had preserved renal function (median eGFR, 104.4 mL\/min\/1.73 m2). Plasma calmodulin levels were significantly associated with early markers of CVD, including interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular mass, carotid intima\u2013media thickness, and ABPM systolic measures (all r &gt; 0.2; p &lt; 0.05). In multivariable analysis, only calmodulin and office systolic blood pressure (BP) independently predicted abnormal BP profiles. Conclusions: Plasma calmodulin may serve as a sensitive, though non-specific, early CVD biomarker in pediatric CKD and could complement conventional screening tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12050599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T20:10:27Z","timestamp":1746389427000},"page":"599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Plasma Calmodulin as a Biomarker of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-016-1234-3","article-title":"Cardiovascular alterations do exist in children with stage-2 chronic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Canpolat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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