{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:15:08Z","timestamp":1760058908602,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: CMV (cytomegalovirus) is associated with several developmental disorders. The incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is around 1%, depending on the region. Previous prospective studies have shown that certain ultrasound findings are predictive factors for prenatal CMV infection. Methods: During this systematic review, we searched PubMed and Embas. Out of 569 results, 19 met our search criteria (we included cases where prenatally positive amniocentesis PCR for CMV was performed or autopsy confirmed the CMV diagnosis). A total of 237 cases were reported from 19 studies. Results: In 64 cases, abortion or perinatal death occurred. The most common prenatal abnormalities were small for gestational age (n = 47), ventriculomegaly (n = 51), and hyperechogenic bowels (n = 39). A subependymal cyst was the most common prenatal MRI abnormality (n = 20). Hearing loss was observed in 61 cases (42 mild, 19 severe). Among prenatal signs, we found a correlation between hearing loss and ventriculomegaly (Fisher\u2019s exact test, p = 0.0052). The most common neurological complication was speech delay. We were able to demonstrate a prenatal association with neurological complications and subependymal cyst (Fisher\u2019s exact test, p = 0.00003547), but this pattern could only be reliably seen with MRI. Conclusions: In prenatally diagnosed CMV infection, ultrasound signals may be suitable for estimating the outcome. Conducting a prospective study and establishing a score would be worthwhile for its clinical application. In cases of ultrasound abnormalities and suspicion of CMV, it is worth performing a prenatal MRI, even in everyday practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12050607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T11:38:06Z","timestamp":1746531486000},"page":"607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of Pre- and Postnatal Abnormalities Caused by Prenatal CMV Infection\u2014Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vir\u00e1g","family":"Bartek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6826-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Beke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontes, K.F.M., Nardozza, L.M.M., Peixoto, A.B., Werner, H., Tonni, G., Granese, R., and Araujo J\u00fanior, E. (2024). Cytomegalovirus and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020640"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.11.018","article-title":"No. 240-Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Yinon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2120736","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.20736","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Burden and Epidemiologic Risk Factors in Countries with Universal Screening: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Ssentongo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2502","article-title":"Estimates of congenital cytomegalovirus-attributable infant mortality in high-income countries: A review","volume":"34","author":"Grosse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.4.2211-2220.2005","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection of endothelial cells triggers platelet adhesion and aggregation","volume":"79","author":"Rahbar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.11.001","article-title":"Neonatal and long-term ophthalmological findings in infants with symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"97","author":"Capretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000342752","article-title":"Management of pregnancies with confirmed cytomegalovirus fetal infection","volume":"33","author":"Benoist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000321346","article-title":"Imaging of fetal cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"29","author":"Malinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.03.001","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection with Isolated \"Minor\" Lesions at Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Long-Term Neurological Outcome","volume":"155","author":"Doneda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220564","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2220564","article-title":"Fetal brain imaging provides valuable information in cCMV infected infants","volume":"36","author":"Kyriakopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa154","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Following Second and Third Trimester Maternal Infection Is Associated with Mild Childhood Adverse Outcome Not Predicted by Prenatal Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2013.04.001","article-title":"Role of cerebral ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"36","author":"Capretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12377","article-title":"Risk of cytomegalovirus-associated sequelae in relation to time of infection and findings on prenatal imaging","volume":"41","author":"Lipitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15935","article-title":"Refining the prognosis of fetuses infected with Cytomegalovirus in the first trimester of pregnancy by serial prenatal assessment: A single-centre retrospective study","volume":"127","author":"Millischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1128","article-title":"Sequelae of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Following Maternal Primary Infections Are Limited to Those Acquired in the First Trimester of Pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"Magny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.03.006","article-title":"Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection with neurological sequelae: A retrospective study using umbilical cord","volume":"38","author":"Uematsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.3.409","article-title":"Neuroradiographic findings in the newborn period and long-term outcome in children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"99","author":"Boppana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.11.014","article-title":"Correlation Between White Matter Lesions and Intelligence Quotient in Patients with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"55","author":"Inaba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suganuma, E., Oka, A., Sakata, H., Adachi, N., Asanuma, S., Oguma, E., Yamaguchi, A., Furuichi, M., Uejima, Y., and Sato, S. (2018). 10-year follow-up of congenital cytomegalovirus infection complicated with severe neurological findings in infancy: A case report. BMC Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1348-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanimura, K., Uchida, A., Uenaka, M., Imafuku, H., Tairaku, S., Hashimura, H., Ueno, Y., Kido, T., and Fujioka, K. (2023). Fetal Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Associated with and without Fetal Growth Restriction. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020306"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4118","article-title":"A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: Description and outcome","volume":"33","author":"Picone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2037","article-title":"Comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"28","author":"Picone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22056","article-title":"Accuracy of prenatal ultrasound screening to identify fetuses infected by cytomegalovirus which will develop severe long-term sequelae","volume":"57","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01714.x","article-title":"The prognostic value of ultrasound abnormalities and biological parameters in blood of fetuses infected with cytomegalovirus","volume":"115","author":"Benoist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400916665372","article-title":"Diffuse periventricular calcification and brain atrophy: A case of neonatal central nervous system cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"29","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crwh.2019.e00119","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges in congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: A case report","volume":"22","author":"Mathias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600614020","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection presenting with echogenic bowel and oligohydramnios","volume":"86","author":"Holst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scandi."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00705.x","article-title":"Recurrent cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: Ultrasonographic diagnosis and fetal outcome","volume":"19","author":"Henrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1021","article-title":"Severe fetal cytomegalovirus infection associated with cerebellar hemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Ortiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/197140090601900204","article-title":"Maternal Seropositivity for Cytomegalovirus with Severe Foetal Hydrops: Foetal Analysis Focusing on Cerebral Changes","volume":"19","author":"Salmaso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Riv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.366","article-title":"Intraventricular haemorrhage in a fetus with cerebral cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"22","author":"Nigro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2014.936679","article-title":"Diagnosis and prognosis of congenital CMV infection: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"244","author":"Lazzarotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01487-x","article-title":"Fetal Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Absence of Maternal Cytomegalovirus-IgM Seropositivity","volume":"31","author":"Erenel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw707","article-title":"Prediction of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in High-Risk Pregnant Women","volume":"64","author":"Tanimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.06.003","article-title":"Primary maternal cytomegalovirus infections: Accuracy of etal ultrasound for predicting sequelae in offspring","volume":"215","author":"Leyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit609","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Audiologic outcome","volume":"57","author":"Fowler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000927","article-title":"Congenital CMV-Associated Hearing Loss: Can Brain Imaging Predict Hearing Outcome?","volume":"42","author":"Craeghs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corazzi, V., Musumano, L.B., Migliorelli, A., Negossi, L., Bianchini, C., Stomeo, F., Pelucchi, S., and Ciorba, A. (2025). Predictive Factors for Hearing Loss in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Audiol. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15010002"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21946","article-title":"Revisiting short- and long-term outcome after fetal first-trimester primary cytomegalovirus infection in relation to prenatal imaging findings","volume":"56","author":"Lipitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7","article-title":"Developmental disabilities among children younger than 5 years in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"6","author":"Olusanya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102972","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.09.009","article-title":"High level of immunoglobulin G targeting mycoplasma or cytomegalovirus in the newborn increases risk of ADHD","volume":"123","author":"Holmgaard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5095","article-title":"Severe apparently isolated fetal ventriculomegaly and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"37","author":"Letouzey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.014","article-title":"Clinical, biochemical, and neuroimaging findings predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"163","author":"Alarcon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.15018","article-title":"Prevalence and timing of prenatal ultrasound findings in cytomegalovirus-infected pregnancies","volume":"104","author":"Lagrou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scandi."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/5\/607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:27:58Z","timestamp":1760030878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/5\/607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["children12050607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12050607","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]}}}