{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:16:53Z","timestamp":1760059013732,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines the complex relationship between seizures, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis (MS) in pediatric patients, based on detailed findings from a single-center study. Background: Although multiple sclerosis is primarily recognized as an adult-onset disease, its occurrence in children presents distinctive challenges, especially related to seizure disorders. Methods: We reviewed 120 pediatric MS patients evaluated over 7 years; six of these (5%) experienced seizures (including one case of acute status epilepticus), and five were diagnosed with epilepsy according to the latest International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence rates and types of seizures while investigating their management strategies in this specific group. Results: Through a detailed case analysis and patient follow-up, we identified key factors contributing to seizure onset and explored implications for treatment and care. In our cohort, children with MS and seizures showed a higher risk for disease progression and greater cumulative disability, evidenced by a significantly higher last Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score (after a minimum 2-year follow-up) in the seizure group (p &lt; 0.006). The analysis recognized early MS onset and highly active disease types as further risk factors that led to worse health outcomes. Conclusions: Genetic causes of epilepsy in children are common and may interact with MS-related inflammation in the same patient; our observations underscore the need to investigate how these two conditions interact. This work contributes to the broader understanding of epilepsy comorbid with MS among pediatric patients, seeking to facilitate the creation of improved interdisciplinary clinical practices in pediatric neurology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12050631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:27:41Z","timestamp":1747218461000},"page":"631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis (POMS) and Epilepsy: Exploring Etiological Complexity\u2014Outcomes from a Single-Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alice Denisa","family":"Dic\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Craiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catrinel","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0533-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel-Alexandru","family":"G\u0103in\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department\u2013Psychiatry, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Sandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Pomeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6223-6383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"B\u00e2rc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niculina","family":"Butoianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Burloiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Minciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8374-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra-Maria","family":"G\u0103in\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department\u2013Psychiatry, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"\u0218urlic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mo\u021boescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Tar\u021ba-Arsene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cazacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2771-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru \u0218tefan","family":"Niculae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Adriana","family":"Ion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayatpour, A., Farhangi, S., Verdaguer, E., Olloquequi, J., Ure\u00f1a, J., Auladell, C., and Javan, M. (2021). The Cross Talk between Underlying Mechanisms of Multiple Sclerosis and Epilepsy May Provide New Insights for More Efficient Therapies. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14101031"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332996","article-title":"Incidence and determinants of seizures in multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"95","author":"Pozzilli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-013-0210-x","article-title":"Comparative clinical characteristics of early- and adult-onset multiple sclerosis patients with seizures","volume":"113","author":"Durmus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01565.x","article-title":"Seizures in multiple sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Koch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, K.S., Cuascut, F.X., Rivera, V.M., and Hutton, G.J. (2020). Current Advances in Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8040071"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20163908","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3908","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Childhood Epilepsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"139","author":"Aaberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2015.0736","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and aetiology of seizures and epilepsy in children","volume":"17","author":"Camfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819855592","article-title":"A Review of Available Treatments, Clinical Evidence, and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Krupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa199","article-title":"US Network of Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers. Improved relapse recovery in paediatric compared to adult multiple sclerosis","volume":"143","author":"Chitnis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102260","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric multiple sclerosis: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16253","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16253","article-title":"Incidence rate and prevalence of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in Sweden: A population-based register study","volume":"31","author":"Tremlett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564486","article-title":"A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of sleep disorders and seizure disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Marrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004740","article-title":"Epilepsy in multiple sclerosis: A nationwide population-based register study","volume":"89","author":"Burman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211046739","article-title":"Epilepsy as a predictor of disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Grothe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562864231192826","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231192826","article-title":"Epileptic seizures at multiple sclerosis onset and their role in disease progression","volume":"16","author":"Grothe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-008-0067-1","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Chabas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Seizures in Multiple Sclerosis are, above all, a Matter of Brain Viability","volume":"2","author":"Hofmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"SciBase Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12064","article-title":"Corticojuxtacortical involvement increases risk of epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Ayuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300414","article-title":"Cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis patients with epilepsy: A 3 year longitudinal study","volume":"83","author":"Calabrese","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.09.008","article-title":"Prevalence of epilepsy in a cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70191-1","article-title":"Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Geurts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0182-3","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Bradl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104421","article-title":"Association between multiple sclerosis and epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Kuntz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasa, R., Barcutean, L., Mosora, O., and Manu, D. (2021). Reviewing the Significance of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Multiple Scle-rosis Pathology and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168370"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13618","article-title":"Risk of epilepsy after a single seizure in multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Mahamud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.13009","article-title":"Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Epilepsy Surgery","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.24","article-title":"Epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17236","article-title":"ILAE definition of the Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions","volume":"63","author":"Hirsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17240","article-title":"International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions","volume":"63","author":"Riney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17241","article-title":"International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions","volume":"63","author":"Specchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17237","article-title":"Methodology for classification and definition of epileptic syndromes with list of syndromes: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions","volume":"63","author":"Wirrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001008","article-title":"Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Pediatric Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis in the United Kingdom","volume":"8","author":"Manchoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676095","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.676095","article-title":"Therapy of Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Margoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105148","article-title":"Assessment of bidirectional relationships between multiple sclerosis and epilepsy: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"81","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2165\/11310900-000000000-00000","article-title":"Seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management","volume":"23","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10346-z","article-title":"Epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis: Prevalence, competing causes and diagnostic accuracy","volume":"268","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2013.04.014","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate, an anti-demyelination drug, reduced rats\u2019 epileptic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol via protection of myelin sheath","volume":"49","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.10.013","article-title":"Enhanced remyelination following lysolecithin-induced demyelination in mice under treatment with fingolimod (FTY720)","volume":"311","author":"Yazdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105948","article-title":"Coexistence of epilepsy or seizure and multiple sclerosis; review of the literature with a single center experience","volume":"92","author":"Saridas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/21541248.2018.1502591","article-title":"Small GTPase RAS in multiple sclerosis\u2014Exploring the role of RAS GTPase in the etiology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Messina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00255-1","article-title":"Genetics of multiple sclerosis: Lessons from polygenicity","volume":"21","author":"Goris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64076-5.00046-6","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"148","author":"Cotsapas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.12.034","article-title":"Epigenomic priming of immune genes implicates oligodendroglia in multiple sclerosis susceptibility","volume":"110","author":"Meijer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/5\/631\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:32:42Z","timestamp":1760031162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/5\/631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["children12050631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12050631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]}}}