{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:35Z","timestamp":1760059175100,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RWJF-79247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWJF-79247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neuropsychiatric diagnoses that commonly co-occur, as approximately 25% of youth with OCD also have a diagnosis of ADHD and 11% of youth with ADHD have OCD. Individuals with ADHD and OCD are also commonly treated for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and traumatic experiences. Conversely, Black and Latin\u00e9 youth in the United States have limited access to culturally responsive providers to address these conditions due to systemic racism; the lower rates of appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and inclusion in research create worsening symptoms of OCD. Thus, we sought to understand how ADHD symptoms affect OCD symptoms and how these comorbid diagnoses, in addition to anxiety disorders, affect reported anxiety, depression, and trauma for Black and\/or Latin\u00e9 teens. Procedures: Participants (N = 48) are Black and\/or Latina\/\u00e9\/o youth with ADHD in the United States. Self and parent-report measures were completed for ADHD, anxiety, and depression, and a semi-structured interview was conducted to assess current mental health diagnoses (OCD, ADHD, trauma). Results: A path analysis showed higher levels of ADHD inattentive (ADHDI) symptoms (\u03b2 = 0.34) were positively associated with obsessions. In contrast, higher ADHD hyperactive\/impulsivity symptoms (ADHDHI) (\u03b2 = \u22120.11) were negatively associated with obsessions. Neither ADHDI nor ADHDHI symptoms were associated with compulsions. Interestingly, ADHDI (\u03b2 = 0.33) &amp; obsessions (\u03b2 = 0.28) were both associated with depression; however, ADHDHI was negatively associated with depression (\u03b2 = \u22120.29). Importantly, ADHDI was associated with trauma (\u03b2 = 0.13) and obsessions were strongly associated with anxiety (\u03b2 = 0.38). Conclusions: These findings may allow for better screenings and treatments for co-occurring OCD and ADHD symptoms and a greater understanding of the impact depression, anxiety, and trauma have on neurodivergent Black and\/or Latin\u00e9 youth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:39:36Z","timestamp":1748205576000},"page":"674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Untangling the Threads: The Impact of Co-Occurring OCD and ADHD Symptoms for Black and\/or Latin\u00e9 Youth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Terumi S.","family":"Randle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5129-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel N.","family":"Miskovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0799-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria R.","family":"Grant O\u2019Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjo I.","family":"Okechukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najiya","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla C.","family":"Mkandawire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Warrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabarkapa, S., King, J.A., Dowling, N., and Ng, C.H. 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