{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:26:16Z","timestamp":1788366376170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This overview explores the complex relationship between environmental factors, particularly obesity, and the timing of puberty, with a focus on how hormonal and genetic interactions are influenced by external conditions. Puberty (gonadarche) is characterised by the activation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis. The onset and progression of puberty vary significantly among individuals, primarily due to genetic factors, with key genes like kisspeptin 1 (KISS1) and makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) playing a crucial role. Cohesively, this paper emphasises that environmental factors, particularly obesity and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have become significant influences on the timing of puberty. Childhood obesity has risen significantly in recent decades and the age of pubertal onset has declined over the same period. Obesity greatly disrupts hormone regulation in pre-pubertal children. Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in girls but not in boys. The underlying mechanism is proposed to be the increase in Kiss1\/GnRH signalling. On the contrary, excess leptin in boys suppresses testosterone production by increasing oestrogen conversion. Low adiponectin in obese girls may contribute to earlier puberty due to a reduced inhibition of Kiss1\/GnRH signalling. Low adiponectin in boys is linked to delayed puberty due to its role in maintaining insulin sensitivity and testosterone production. Hyperinsulinemia influences pubertal timing through central and peripheral mechanisms. Insulin acting synergistically with leptin promotes the earlier onset of puberty in girls but not in boys. The effects of exposure to certain EDCs\u2014mostly obesogenic chemicals that mimic the action of natural hormones\u2014on the timing of puberty remain unclear; hence, further research on this topic is needed. Addressing and preventing obesity in children could potentially mitigate these alterations in pubertal timing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:39:36Z","timestamp":1748205576000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Interplay Between Body Weight and the Onset of Puberty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alexandros K.","family":"Kythreotis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3NE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Nicolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Mitsinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Daher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicos","family":"Skordis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Paediatrics, 2025 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Breehl, L., and Caban, O. 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