{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:51:48Z","timestamp":1789437108118,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ASOCIATIA BABY CARE SIBIU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recently, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been described as a pandemic, affecting all groups of the population. Pregnant women and preterm infants are particularly vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the maternal and neonatal vitamin D status in relation with maternal vitamin D supplementations during pregnancy and to identify demographic, social, and healthcare risk factors for maternal VDD and vitamin D insufficiency in women delivering at \u226432 weeks of gestation. Methods: This prospective observational study was developed in the regional level III maternity unit of the Clinical County Emergency Hospital Sibiu. It included all admitted mothers who delivered at \u226432 weeks of gestation and their infants between 1 March 2022 and 28 February 2025. Infant deaths in the first 24 h of life, major congenital defects, chromosomal abnormalities, the admission of outborn infants without their mothers, or the transfer of the mother more than 48 h after birth were used as exclusion criteria. Maternal and neonatal data were collected from medical records. Data on maternal vitamin D supplementation were collected through interviews. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions, linear regression, and predictive models were performed for data analysis. Results: A total of 146 mothers (median (IQR) age 30 (24\u201335) years) and their 164 preterm infants born at \u226432 weeks of gestation (median gestational age of 30 (27\u201331) weeks and birth weight of 1200 (900\u20131527) g) were included in this study. Only 43.15% of the mothers used multivitamins containing vitamin D during pregnancy, and 10.96% used specific vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D supplementation was used for a median of 4 (3\u20135) months at a median dose of 800 (250\u20131500) IU\/day. Severe VDD (25(OH)D &lt; 10 ng\/mL), VDD (25(OH)D &lt; 20 ng\/mL), VDI (25(OH)D 20\u201329 ng\/mL) were found in 19.86%, 55.48%, and 23.97% of the mothers and 16.46%, 58.53%, and 25.61% of their infants, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the maternal and neonatal status (r = 0.684, r2 = 0.468, p &lt; 0.001, B = 0.62). Both the maternal and neonatal vitamin D status were correlated with the vitamin D duration and dose used for supplementation during pregnancy. The logistic regression analysis showed that birth during a cold season and increased parity are independently associated with severe maternal VDD, while birth during the cold season and a lower educational status were independently associated with maternal VDD. Only an absent vitamin D supplementation (in the form of a multivitamin or specific vitamin D supplements) has been proven as an independent risk factor for VDI. Conclusions: Our findings revealed a worrisome prevalence of severe VDD, VDD, and VDI in mothers delivering very prematurely and in their infants. Additionally, less than half of the mothers in this study used vitamin D supplements during pregnancy despite the national recommendations. The professionals involved in advising pregnant women and policymakers should find solutions to improve the vitamin D status in these vulnerable groups of the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:49:52Z","timestamp":1748234992000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Status at \u226432 Weeks Gestation: Romanian Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8179-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Andrada","family":"Radu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cucerea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mures, 540142 T\u00e2rgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9234-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Gheonea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Chicea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0743-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dumitru Alin","family":"Teacoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Ioana","family":"Mutic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Bogdan","family":"Todor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Bo\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drago\u0219","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Cosmina","family":"Co\u021bovanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Livia","family":"Ognean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Pligt, P., Willcox, J., Szymlek-Gay, E.A., Murray, E., Worsley, A., and Daly, R.M. 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