{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:27:11Z","timestamp":1780453631701,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Reading is a core cognitive ability that plays a central role in children\u2019s brain development and academic success. This review aims to examine the neuroplastic relationship between reading acquisition and white matter development from infancy through adolescence, with a focus on implications for literacy interventions and educational planning. Methods: A systematic review of 89 neuroimaging studies published between 1998 and 2024 was conducted. Eligible studies utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or structural MRI to investigate white matter changes related to reading behavior in children aged 0 to 18. Studies were identified through comprehensive searches in Web of Science and Scopus databases. Results: Children with stronger reading abilities consistently showed increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in key white matter pathways, such as the arcuate fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus, supporting phonological processing and reading fluency. Longitudinal data suggest that early exposure to literacy enhances brain flexibility and white matter organization. In contrast, children with reading disabilities, including dyslexia, often show disorganized white matter structure, but compensatory pathways may emerge through targeted interventions. Conclusions: Reading experience is associated with measurable changes in white matter development across childhood. Early and sustained literacy engagement appears to optimize neural structures for reading. These findings can inform early diagnosis and improve pedagogical strategies for literacy education. Further research is needed on the long-term neurobiological effects of reading interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T08:07:58Z","timestamp":1748592478000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reading and White Matter Development: A Systematic Review of Neuroplastic Changes in Literacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8584-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunus","family":"P\u0131nar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1452-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nihat","family":"Bayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beg\u00fcmhan","family":"Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9886-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasin","family":"\u00d6zkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Education, Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.4.733","article-title":"Assessing print exposure and orthographic processing skill in children: A quick measure of reading experience","volume":"82","author":"Cunningham","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.037","article-title":"Impact of reading habit on white matter structure: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"133","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.03.006","article-title":"White matter pathways in reading","volume":"17","author":"Dougherty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206792109","article-title":"Development of white matter and reading skills","volume":"109","author":"Yeatman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Clark, C., and Rumbold, K. (2006). Reading for Pleasure: A Research Overview, National Literacy Trust."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4","article-title":"Relationship between age of onset and frequency of reading and infants\u2019 and toddlers\u2019 early language and literacy development","volume":"5","author":"Dunst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cent. Early Lit. Learn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2006(02)00166-7","article-title":"Children\u2019s acquisition of early literacy skills: Examining family contributions","volume":"17","author":"Bennett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087330","article-title":"Home literacy activities and their influence on early literacy skills","volume":"54","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654309332561","article-title":"Interactive Book Reading in Early Education: A Tool to Stimulate Print Knowledge as Well as Oral Language","volume":"79","author":"Mol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.04.004","article-title":"The relationship between phonological and auditory processing and brain organization in beginning readers","volume":"125","author":"Pugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.09.011","article-title":"Pathways of the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus in overt speech and reading","volume":"364","author":"Rollans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.104721","article-title":"The left inferior longitudinal fasciculus supports orthographic processing: Evidence from a lesion-behavior mapping analysis","volume":"201","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13251","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4383-12.2013","article-title":"Tracking the roots of reading ability: White matter volume and integrity correlate with phonological awareness in prereading and early-reading kindergarten children","volume":"33","author":"Saygin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/00313830600953600","article-title":"Book Reading in Leisure Time: Long-Term changes in young peoples\u2019 book reading habits","volume":"50","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"121","article-title":"Influence of Family Factors on Children\u2019s Reading Habits: A Review of Literature","volume":"43","author":"Jabbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100767","article-title":"Influences of the early family environment and long-term vocabulary development on the structure of white matter pathways: A longitudinal investigation","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021890","article-title":"To read or not to read: A meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood","volume":"137","author":"Mol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2022.2026222","article-title":"Does the frequency of reading and writing habits contribute to executive functions, intelligence, and learning in adolescents with healthy development?","volume":"12","author":"Salem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2020.1732874","article-title":"Reading habits and emotional vocabulary in adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Dylman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/02702711.2021.1888348","article-title":"The role of background knowledge in reading comprehension: A critical review","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Read. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-023-10426-2","article-title":"Pathways from morphological awareness to reading fluency: The mediating role of phonological awareness and vocabulary","volume":"37","author":"Giazitzidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001341","article-title":"Mind the orthography: Revisiting the contribution of prereading phonological awareness to reading acquisition","volume":"58","author":"Zugarramurdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12398","article-title":"24-month-old children with larger oral vocabularies display greater academic and behavioral functioning at kindergarten entry","volume":"86","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.08.002","article-title":"White matter microstructure integrity in relation to reading proficiency\u2606","volume":"174","author":"Arrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, A., Huynh, T., Ostevik, A.V., Cheema, K., Sweneya, S., Craig, J., and Cummine, J. (2024). Phonological, orthographic and morphological skills are related to structural properties of ventral and motor white matter pathways in skilled and impaired readers. Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2024.2397036"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22721","article-title":"Cerebellar white matter pathways are associated with reading skills in children and adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Travis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25997","article-title":"Neural dissociation of visual attention span and phonological deficits in developmental dyslexia: A hub-based white matter network analysis","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639208402848","article-title":"White matter dysfunction and its neuropsychological correlates: A longitudinal study of a case of metachromatic leukodystrophy treated with bone marrow transplant","volume":"14","author":"Shapiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.018","article-title":"Contrasting brain patterns of writing-related DTI parameters, fMRI connectivity, and DTI\u2013fMRI connectivity correlations in children with and without dysgraphia or dyslexia","volume":"8","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.07.008","article-title":"White matter microstructural differences linked to left perisylvian language network in children with dyslexia","volume":"46","author":"Rimrodt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.024","article-title":"Genetic dyslexia risk variant is related to neural connectivity patterns underlying phonological awareness in children","volume":"118","author":"Skeide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03456.x","article-title":"Reading performance correlates with white-matter properties in preterm and term children","volume":"52","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.053","article-title":"Imaging brain connectivity in children with diverse reading ability","volume":"25","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608961104","article-title":"Temporal-callosal pathway diffusivity predicts phonological skills in children","volume":"104","author":"Dougherty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00051","article-title":"Left and right arcuate fasciculi are uniquely related to word reading skills in Chinese-English bilingual children","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Lang."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.05.002","article-title":"The direct segment of the arcuate fasciculus is predictive of longitudinal reading change","volume":"13","author":"Gullick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12428","article-title":"Reading skill\u2013fractional anisotropy relationships in visuospatial tracts diverge depending on socioeconomic status","volume":"19","author":"Gullick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82088","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82088","article-title":"Fiber-specific structural properties relate to reading skills in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Meisler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00061","article-title":"Anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus predict phonological and reading skills in children","volume":"23","author":"Yeatman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.002","article-title":"Alterations in white matter pathways underlying phonological and morphological processing in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.05.017","article-title":"Adaptive compensation of arcuate fasciculus lateralization in developmental dyslexia","volume":"167","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, Y., Huber, E., Ferjan Ram\u00edrez, N., Corrigan, N.M., Yarnykh, V.L., and Kuhl, P.K. (2022). Language input in late infancy scaffolds emergent literacy skills and predicts reading related white matter development. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.922552"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.05.002","article-title":"White matter pathways mediate parental effects on children\u2019s reading precursors","volume":"173","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05385-4","article-title":"Listening to Mom in the NICU: Effects of increased maternal speech exposure on language outcomes and white matter development in infants born very preterm","volume":"22","author":"Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24390","article-title":"White matter network connectivity deficits in developmental dyslexia","volume":"40","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.10.008","article-title":"Brain white matter structure and language ability in preschool-aged children","volume":"176","author":"Walton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2016.0430","article-title":"Children with poor reading skills at the word level show reduced fractional anisotropy in white matter tracts of both hemispheres","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70272-7","article-title":"Children\u2019s reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"41","author":"Deutsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.011","article-title":"Left lateralized white matter microstructure accounts for individual differences in reading ability and disability","volume":"44","author":"Niogi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl262","article-title":"Individual differences in anatomy predict reading and oral language impairments in children","volume":"129","author":"Leonard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.12.009","article-title":"Effective brain connectivity in children with reading difficulties during phonological processing","volume":"107","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.009","article-title":"Brain connectivity in non-reading impaired children and children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Odegard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21103","article-title":"Diffusion tensor quantification of the relations between microstructural and macrostructural indices of white matter and reading","volume":"32","author":"Frye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.055","article-title":"Structural brain alterations associated with dyslexia predate reading onset","volume":"57","author":"Raschle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.014","article-title":"Language and reading skills in school-aged children and adolescents born preterm are associated with white matter properties on diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"50","author":"Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614544511","article-title":"Structural changes in white matter are uniquely related to children\u2019s reading development","volume":"25","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.05.034","article-title":"Involvement of the right hemisphere in reading comprehension: A DTI study","volume":"1582","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.06.006","article-title":"Fiber tracking of the frontal aslant tract and subcomponents of the arcuate fasciculus in 5\u20138-year-olds: Relation to speech and language function","volume":"149","author":"Broce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.04.003","article-title":"Variations in the neurobiology of reading in children and adolescents born full term and preterm","volume":"11","author":"Travis","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12098","article-title":"Early cerebral constraints on reading skills in school-age children: An MRI study","volume":"10","author":"Borst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1302-1","article-title":"White matter properties differ in 6-year old Readers and Pre-readers","volume":"222","author":"Travis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.020","article-title":"White matter microstructure is associated with language in children born very preterm","volume":"20","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23546","article-title":"ROBO1 polymorphisms, callosal connectivity, and reading skills","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.06.020","article-title":"Reading related white matter structures in adolescents are influenced more by dysregulation of emotion than behavior","volume":"15","author":"Holland","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2469","article-title":"Development of tract-specific white matter pathways during early reading development in at-risk children and typical controls","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12647","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12647","article-title":"Vocabulary growth rate from preschool to school-age years is reflected in the connectivity of the arcuate fasciculus in 14-year-old children","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24410","article-title":"White matter alterations and tract lateralization in children with dyslexia and isolated spelling deficits","volume":"40","author":"Banfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100624","article-title":"Applying microstructural models to understand the role of white matter in cognitive development","volume":"36","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101832","article-title":"White matter microstructure and cognitive outcomes in relation to neonatal inflammation in 6-year-old children born preterm","volume":"23","author":"Dubner","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.12.004","article-title":"Fiber pathways supporting early literacy development in 5\u20138-year-old children","volume":"134","author":"Broce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9296-7","article-title":"The impact of expressive language development and the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus on listening and reading comprehension","volume":"11","author":"Earle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderauwera, J., van Setten, E.R., Maurits, N.M., and Maassen, B.A. (2019). The interplay of socio-economic status represented by paternal educational level, white matter structure and reading. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215560"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100874","article-title":"The relation between neurofunctional and neurostructural determinants of phonological processing in pre-readers","volume":"46","author":"Vanderauwera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaulieu, C., Yip, E., Low, P.B., M\u00e4dler, B., Lebel, C.A., Siegel, L., and Laule, C. (2020). Myelin water imaging demonstrates lower brain myelination in children and adolescents with poor reading ability. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568395"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geeraert, B.L., Chamberland, M., Lebel, R.M., and Lebel, C. (2020). Multimodal principal component analysis to identify major features of white matter structure and links to reading. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.04.076521"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15124","article-title":"Associations between home literacy environment, brain white matter integrity and cognitive abilities in preschool-age children","volume":"109","author":"Hutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01162-2","article-title":"Associations of reading efficiency with white matter properties of the cerebellar peduncles in children","volume":"19","author":"Bruckert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.07.016","article-title":"Maladaptive compensation of right fusiform gyrus in developmental dyslexia: A hub-based white matter network analysis","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100957","article-title":"Rich-club structure contributes to individual variance of reading skills via feeder connections in children with reading disabilities","volume":"49","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118087","article-title":"A three-time point longitudinal investigation of the arcuate fasciculus throughout reading acquisition in children developing dyslexia","volume":"237","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12983","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12983","article-title":"Multifactorial pathways facilitate resilience among kindergarteners at risk for dyslexia: A longitudinal behavioral and neuroimaging study","volume":"24","author":"Zuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, N.Y.H., Wang, H.L.S., Liu, Y.C., Chang, Y.P.E., and Weng, J.C. (2021). Investigating the white matter correlates of reading performance: Evidence from Chinese childr en with reading difficulties. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248434"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118426","article-title":"Neurite density and arborization is associated with reading skill and phonological processing in children","volume":"241","author":"Koirala","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108188","article-title":"Distinctive neural correlates of phonological and reading impairment in fetal alcohol-exposed adolescents with and without facial dysmorphology","volume":"169","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118909","article-title":"A large-scale investigation of white matter microstructural associations with reading ability","volume":"249","author":"Meisler","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostertag, C., Reynolds, J.E., Kar, P., Dewey, D., Gibbard, W.B., Tortorelli, C., and Lebel, C. (2023). Arcuate fasciculus and pre-reading language development in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1174165"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.12.022","article-title":"Using a semi-automated approach to quantify Unidentified Bright Objects in Neurofibromatosis type 1 and linkages to cognitive and academic outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Harriott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.02.014","article-title":"The inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus correlates with early precursors of mathematics and reading before the start of formal schooling","volume":"174","author":"Vandecruys","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101332","article-title":"Structural neural connectivity correlates with pre-reading abilities in preschool children","volume":"65","author":"Ghasoub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2023.105270","article-title":"White matter correlates of reading subskills in children with and without reading disability","volume":"241","author":"Cross","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Li, G., Song, Z., Zhang, Z., Huang, H., Li, H., and Tang, X. (2022). Associations between Brain Microstructure and Phonological Processing Ability in Preschool Children. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060782"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13557","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13557","article-title":"The role of formal schooling in the development of children\u2019s reading and arithmetic white matter networks","volume":"27","author":"Vandecruys","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning, K.Y., Reynolds, J.E., Long, X., Llera, A., Dewey, D., and Lebel, C. (2022). Multimodal brain features at 3 years of age and their relationship with pre-reading measures 1 year later. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.965602"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008950108","article-title":"Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia","volume":"108","author":"Hoeft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.004","article-title":"Predicting early signs of dyslexia at a preliterate age by combining behavioral assessment with structural MRI","volume":"143","author":"Kraft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2018.05.007","article-title":"Neural organization of ventral white matter tracts parallels the initial steps of reading development: A DTI tractography study","volume":"183","author":"Vanderauwera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04627-5","article-title":"Rapid and widespread white matter plasticity during an intensive reading intervention","volume":"9","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424680","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2018.1424680","article-title":"Brain\u2019s functional network clustering coefficient changes in response to instruction (RTI) in students with and without reading disabilities: Multi-leveled reading brain\u2019s RTI","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruckert, L., Borchers, L.R., Dodson, C.K., Marchman, V.A., Travis, K.E., Ben-Shachar, M., and Feldman, H.M. (2019). White matter plasticity in reading-related pathways differs in children born preterm and at term: A longitudinal analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00139"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1813-z","article-title":"Microstructural properties of white matter pathways in relation to subsequent reading abilities in children: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"224","author":"Borchers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1668","article-title":"White matter but not grey matter predicts change in reading skills after intervention","volume":"27","author":"Partanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25560","article-title":"Structural brain dynamics across reading development: A longitudinal MRI study from kindergarten to grade 5","volume":"42","author":"Phan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02372-y","article-title":"Brain-behavior dynamics between the left fusiform and reading","volume":"227","author":"Beelen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01944","article-title":"Examining shared reading and white matter organization in kindergarten in relation to subsequent language and reading abilities: A longitudinal investigation","volume":"35","author":"Davison","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101467","article-title":"The brain\u2019s structural connectivity and pre-reading abilities in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"70","author":"Ghasoub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00414","article-title":"Patterns of the left thalamus embedding into the connectome associated with reading skills in children with reading disabilities","volume":"8","author":"Lou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101341","article-title":"White matter and literacy: A dynamic system in flux","volume":"65","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/6\/710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1760031822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/12\/6\/710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children12060710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12060710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]}}}