{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:09:47Z","timestamp":1785222587616,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Fund Flanders","award":["11PLT24N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11PLT24N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent medical condition, affecting 1\u20135% of non-syndromic children and 30\u201390% of children with Down syndrome. Given the severity of the condition and the associated health risks, early and effective treatment is crucial. However, current treatment modalities are often invasive or suffer from poor patient adherence. Additionally, adenotonsillectomy, the first-line treatment in pediatric OSA, seems not to be effective in every child, leaving children with residual OSA postoperatively. These challenges are particularly pronounced in high-risk populations, such as children with Down syndrome, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Therefore, a protocol is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) as a treatment for OSA in two pediatric populations: (1) Non-syndromic children aged 4\u201318 years: 10 weeks of OMT. (2) Children with Down syndrome aged 4\u201318 years: 20 weeks of OMT. Effects of the OMT program will be evaluated on: sleep parameters (e.g., obstructive Apnea\u2013Hyponea Index (oAHI), snoring frequency); orofacial functions (e.g., breathing pattern, tongue position at rest); quality of life outcomes. Methods: A pretest\u2013posttest design will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of OMT in both children with and without Down syndrome and OSA. Both objective measures and patient-reported outcomes are being collected. Results: OMT is expected to improve orofacial functions, reduce OSA severity and symptoms, and enhance quality of life in both non-syndromic and syndromic children. Conclusions: This multidisciplinary research protocol, involving collaboration between ENT specialists and speech-language pathologists, aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits of OMT in treating OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children12060737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T06:11:08Z","timestamp":1749190268000},"page":"737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy: Investigating a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children with and Without Down Syndrome\u2014A Study Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3558-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolien","family":"Verbeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Centre for Speech and Language Sciences (CESLAS), Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 2P1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Meerschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Centre for Speech and Language Sciences (CESLAS), Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 2P1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0688-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlien","family":"Dhondt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Pediatric Sleep Center, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2789-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Els","family":"De Leenheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3422-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Willekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristiane","family":"Van Lierde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Centre for Speech and Language Sciences (CESLAS), Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 2P1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Speech-Language and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"46","author":"DelRosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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